Comparative Analysis of Serum Sodium and Potassium Levels in Chronic Renal Failure Patients and Healthy Controls

Abstract

Chronic renal failure (CRF), characterized by a progressive, irreversible decline in kidney function over months or years, represents a significant global health burden due to its associated morbidity and mortality. This condition profoundly disrupts the body's homeostatic regulation of electrolytes, which are vital for neuromuscular function, fluid balance, and cardiovascular stability. This study aimed to quantify and compare serum sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) levels between patients diagnosed with CRF and a cohort of healthy individuals. The study population comprised 13 CRF patients and 36 healthy controls. Venous blood samples were analyzed for electrolyte concentrations, and statistical evaluations were performed. The results demonstrated a statistically significant divergence (p < 0.01) in electrolyte profiles between the groups. Specifically, CRF patients exhibited marked hyponatremia, with a mean serum Na⁺ level of 133.83 ± 3.23 mg/dL, and hyperkalemia, with a mean serum K⁺ level of 5.06 ± 0.96 mg/dL. In contrast, healthy controls-maintained levels within normal physiological ranges (Na⁺: 139.64 ± 6.70 mg/dL; K⁺: 4.21 ± 0.25 mg/dL). These imbalances are primarily attributed to the pathophysiological sequelae of CRF, including impaired glomerular filtration, dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and diminished tubular reabsorptive capacity. The findings underscore the critical importance of routine electrolyte monitoring in CRF management and suggest that these parameters hold prognostic value for assessing disease progression and guiding therapeutic intervention, including potential replacement   therapies.