Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions
The Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions (JSHD) (ISSN: 3106-1702) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Alqala Aljadida University in Libya. The journal's official website is: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/index With a commitment to promoting and disseminating high-quality research, JSHD publishes four issues annually. The journal covers a wide range of disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, and applied sciences. Vision: To be a leading platform for scientific and humanistic research, fostering intellectual discourse and contributing to knowledge advancement. Mission: To provide a rigorous and efficient peer-review process for original research, reviews, and scholarly articles from diverse academic fields, ensuring accessibility and visibility for all published work. Objectives: To publish high-impact, original research. To support researchers by providing an open-access platform. To serve as a bridge between various scientific and humanistic disciplines. Contact Information: Email: jshd.publishing@gmail.com WhatsApp: +218927648287 Website: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/index
Behavioral Manifestations Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Gharyan and their Differences According to the Gender Variable from the Teachers' Perspective
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most complex developmental disorders affecting a child's behavioral aspects and leading to social withdrawal. This study aimed to identify the behavioral manifestations of children with ASD from the perspective of their teachers in the city of Gharyan, Libya, while also examining differences based on the gender variable. The researchers adopted a descriptive-comparative approach, and the study sample consisted of 16 children (8 boys and 8 girls). A questionnaire on behavioral manifestations, adapted for the Libyan context, was administered as the primary research tool. The study yielded several results, most notably the prevalence of behavioral manifestations among children with ASD from the teachers' perspective, with cognitive-perceptual manifestations being more common than social ones. Additionally, the results showed no statistically significant differences in behavioral manifestations between male and female children. The study concluded with recommendations to enhance social and communication skills and develop cognitive perceptions through specialized educational programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial Analysis of Olive Presses and Their Role in Economic Development in Gharyan City Using GIS
The olive tree represents a vital natural heritage in Gharyan City and serves as a fundamental resource for supporting the local economy. However, this heritage faces various obstacles, most notably the declining interest among younger generations. Recently, serious efforts have emerged in Gharyan to revitalize this resource and achieve international recognition through participation in global competitions. This study aims to highlight the developmental importance of olive trees and analyze the spatial distribution of olive presses in Gharyan using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study followed a descriptive and analytical approach, utilizing field studies and GIS tools to map and evaluate the distribution of presses. The results indicate that Gharyan possesses high-quality olive oil production and significant potential for economic growth, although the distribution of modern presses requires further support to keep pace with production levels. The study recommends encouraging economic research on olive trees, providing agricultural loans to increase the number of modern presses, and enhancing local support for farmers to ensure the sustainability of this natural heritage.
A future-oriented perspective on the reality and prospects of the olive sector in achieving sustainable development: A field study of the Bani Walid region
Olive cultivation in Libya represents a promising strategic pillar for diversifying the national economy's production base, supporting livelihoods in rural areas, and playing a pivotal role in enhancing food security. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the olive sector, focusing on available opportunities and the structural challenges (environmental, institutional, and economic) that limit its efficiency. Ultimately, it seeks to anticipate future trajectories and propose policy recommendations for its development. The study employed a descriptive-analytical (qualitative) approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews as the primary data collection tool. The study targeted a group of farmers and specialists in the olive sector in the Bani Walid region. This region was selected due to the importance of the olive sector there as a potential contributor to local economic development, provided that the sector's resources are optimally utilized. Through the analysis of interviews and a review of previous literature, the study reached several key conclusions, most notably that the near-total dependence on a rentier economy (oil) has distorted economic policies, leading to the marginalization of alternative productive sectors and the absence of a clear roadmap for the olive sector. The findings also revealed a significant gap in value chains and a weakness in competitiveness stemming from a shortage of skilled labor and a reliance on short-term support rather than long-term strategies. The study recommends adopting an integrated development model that links agricultural production with processing industries to achieve sustainable added value for the Libyan economy.
The Implications of the Ukrainian Crisis for Russian Security and Foreign Policy
This research aims to analyzes the impact of the Ukrainian crisis on Russia's national security system and foreign policy trends, by revealing the nature of the changes that the crisis has imposed on Russian strategic thinking and Russia's position in the international system. The study used the descriptive analytical approach to describe the developments of the crisis and track its security and political consequences, as well as the analytical comparative approach to compare Russian behavior patterns before and after the crisis. The study population consists of Russian security and diplomatic policies and practices during the Ukrainian crisis, without relying on a statistical sample, given the theoretical nature of the study. The analytical approach is based on the analysis of facts, documents and international interactions relevant to the subject. The importance of the research lies in its contribution to providing an integrated reading that links the security and political dimensions of Russian behavior, thereby enriching the literature on international security studies and the behavior of major powers in the context of ongoing crises. The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are that the Ukrainian crisis represented a fundamental turning point in the concept of Russian national security, leading to a shift in foreign policy towards more confrontational approaches with the West, while expanding engagement with non-Western international spaces. The study also recommended the adoption of comprehensive analytical approaches tomulti-dimensional approaches when studying Russian security, and to enhance foresight studies to understand the long-term effects of major international crises
The Impact of Tribal Ethnocentrism on National Identity in Libyan Society: A Sociological Analytical Study
This study explores the impact of tribal ethnocentrism on national identity within the context of contemporary Libyan society. The research addresses the problem of rising tribal and regional loyalties at the expense of a unified national identity, particularly following the collapse of state institutions and the resulting political and security vacuum. By employing a sociological analytical approach, the study examines the root causes of tribal fanaticism—including inherited traditions, cultural factors, and political exploitation —and evaluates how these factors weaken social cohesion and state-building efforts. The findings indicate that while tribes historically served as social regulators, their transformation into political tools has deepened social fragmentation and threatened civil peace. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen national identity through educational curricula, equitable resource distribution, and the establishment of a robust legal framework that transcends sub-national allegiances.
Mechanisms of Creativity and Persuasion Techniques in the Prose Poem of Muftah Al-Ammari: An Analytical Study
This study aims to analyze the mechanisms of artistic creativity and the techniques of persuasion in the prose poems of the Libyan poet Muftah Al-Ammari. The research examines how the poet employs a condensed, suggestive language that transcends traditional rhythmic constraints to build a deep connection with the recipient. By adopting an analytical approach, the study explores the role of internal rhythm, displacement, and paradoxical imagery in achieving aesthetic conviction. The findings indicate that Al-Ammari’s creativity lies in his ability to transform daily vocabulary into symbolic entities while utilizing silence and textual gaps to engage the reader as an active partner in producing meaning.
The Methodology of Translating the Meanings of the Holy Quran by Jacques Berque
An abstract is a summary of the entire paper and should be written in Times New Roman font, size 10. The author can select the Normal style from this template's styles. The abstract should not exceed 250 words and must be written as a single paragraph. This electronic document is a "live" template. The abstract includes the overall purpose of the study you conducted, the basic design of the study, the results of your analysis, and a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions. An abstract is a summary of the entire paper and should be written in Times New Roman font, size 10. The author can select the Normal style from this template's styles. The abstract should not exceed 250 words and must be written as a single paragraph. This electronic document is a "live" template. The abstract includes the overall purpose of the study you conducted, the basic design of the study, the results of your analysis, and a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.
The Problematic of Applying Criminal Liability Provisions to Artificial Intelligence Crimes
This research explores the legal challenges of applying traditional criminal liability provisions to crimes committed by Artificial Intelligence (AI). The study aims to determine the legal characterization of AI-related crimes and identify the parties responsible for them, whether they be programmers, users, or the AI entity itself. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research examines legal jurisprudence regarding AI's nature and the possibility of assigning it criminal responsibility. The paper covers AI concepts, their characteristics such as autonomy and self-learning, and the advantages and disadvantages of their applications. Furthermore, it analyzes the jurisprudential debate between supporters and opponents of recognizing AI's criminal liability, highlighting the conflict between technological independence and traditional legal requirements for consciousness and intent. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for legislative amendments to address these modern crimes and establish appropriate penalties that align with the nature of AI.
Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Liability, AI Crimes, Legal Characterization, Legal Personhood, Algorithmic Responsibility
Exploring the Translatability of English Neologisms: A Case Study on Translation Master's Students at The Libyan Academy in Al-Bayda and Benghazi Campuses
This study aims to investigate the challenges encountered by M.A. translation students in translating English neologisms into Arabic. It also aims to identify the translation strategies they employ. To achieve the objectives of the study, a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data was adopted. A translation test consisting of 20 neologisms and a questionnaire were distributed to 25 advanced translation master’s students enrolled in the Libyan Academy. The frequency of each translation strategy was analyzed based on Newmark’s (1988) proposed strategies for translating neologisms. The findings revealed that the students utilized different strategies to translate English neologisms into Arabic, with literal translation being the most frequently used, followed by descriptive equivalent, couplets, transference, and functional equivalent. The findings also showed that most students faced challenges during the translation process, mainly due to unfamiliarity with certain neologisms, difficulties in finding suitable Arabic equivalents, the absence of these terms in Arabic dictionaries, and cultural differences. This study's findings have implications for translation pedagogy, highlighting the need for targeted training in neologisms translation
Public Spending and its Impact on the Exchange Rate of the Libyan Dinar
This study aims to analyze the impact of public expenditure on the Libyan Dinar's exchange rate from 1990 to 2024, within the context of the Libyan rentier economy and its heavy reliance on oil revenues. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology on annual time-series data, the study finds a long-run equilibrium relationship between the two variables. A 1% increase in public spending leads to a depreciation of the dinar (an increase in the exchange rate) by 0.82% in the long run and by 0.46% in the short run. Granger causality tests also confirm a unidirectional causal relationship from public expenditure to the exchange rate. The findings confirm that uncontrolled fiscal expansion is a primary source of pressure on the national currency's value. The study recommends rationalizing public spending, enhancing coordination between fiscal and monetary policies, and directing expenditure towards productive sectors to support macroeconomic stability
The question of the soul is one of the most significant philosophical issues that has occupied human thought throughout history, as it is closely tied to human existence and the meaning of life. This issue received particular attention from Ibn Sina, who examined it from various intellectual and philosophical perspectives, attempting to define its essence, its function, its relationship to the body, and the resulting metaphysical and epistemological problems. This study seeks to analyze the concept of the soul in Ibn Sina’s philosophy, highlighting its philosophical dimensions and situating it within the broader Islamic philosophical tradition, while also attempting to approach it through a contemporary lens that connects Ibn Sina’s ideas with the findings of modern psychology.
The Five Necessities and Their Impact on Islamic Endowments
Islamic endowments (Waqf) constitute a fundamental pillar in the economic and social structure of Islamic societies, playing a pivotal role in the redistribution of wealth and the realization of social solidarity. However, this system faces a set of contemporary challenges in the modern era, necessitating a re-evaluation of its implementation mechanisms to fulfill the objectives (Maqasid) of Islamic Sharia. The research problem stems from questioning the nature of the relationship between the five essential necessities (preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and wealth) as a supreme Maqasidi theory, and the Islamic Waqf system as one of the most important tools for achieving these objectives. This study aims to analyze the theoretical and practical impact of the five necessities on the concept and roles of Waqf, and how the Waqf system can be an effective instrument for preserving these essential principles to serve the interests of people. The study adopts the descriptive, analytical, and inductive method to elucidate the theoretical framework of the five necessities, followed by analyzing the role of Waqf in preserving each necessity individually. The study reached several key findings, most notably: the relationship between Waqf and the five necessities is a closely integrated one, with Waqf embodying the practical application of achieving these Sharia objectives. The results also showed that the Waqf system possesses sufficient flexibility to adapt to contemporary developments in order to preserve these necessities, provided there is adherence to the governing Sharia frameworks and jurisprudential principles. The research recommends developing the administrative and investment mechanisms of Waqf institutions to maximize their role in preserving the five essential principles, and directing a portion of Waqf resources towards contemporary projects that serve these objectives, such as supporting scientific research, mental health initiatives, and combating societal ills.
The Five Necessities (Al-Daruriyyat al-Khams)
Maqasid al-Sharia (Objectives of Islamic Law)
The Extent of The Influence of Oversight on Decision-Making Within Financial Institutions
The aim of this article is to analyze the extent to which control affects decision-making within Libyan financial institutions. It is also fundamentally based on the extent of the auditor's contribution and role in the economic life of different societies in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the users of reports and financial statements. The study is based on a sample of 247 employees of the Ministry of Finance. Our study shows the extent of the Ministry's awareness of the importance of internal auditing, as well as the extent of the impact and role of the internal auditor's personal capabilities on decision-makers, and the extent of his role and contribution to decision-making. As the financial and administrative control is considered a distinguished model in the effectiveness and efficiency of the internal control system in both its financial and administrative parts, and it possesses most of the elements and components of internal control in the Ministry of Finance.
The Impact of Illegal Immigration on U.S. National Security: A Study of Motives, Mechanisms, and Regulatory Legislation
The phenomenon of illegal immigration is one of the most complex challenges facing the global community, particularly the United States, which has historically been a primary destination for migrants. This research examines the impact of illegal immigration on U.S. national security by analyzing its underlying motives, including political instability, economic disparities, and environmental crises in home countries. The study employs a descriptive-analytical and historical approach to explore the legal and security frameworks adopted by successive U.S. administrations to manage border control and address the socio-economic and security repercussions of irregular migration. Furthermore, it highlights the international legal instruments and domestic laws governing the rights of migrants while critiquing the humanitarian implications of restrictive policies. The findings suggest that despite stringent measures and legislative interventions, illegal immigration continues to pose significant security and economic challenges, necessitating more comprehensive international cooperation and effective strategies that address the root causes of the phenomenon.
The Care of the Successors in the Jurisprudential Schools: “The Jurisprudence of the Successor Kharijah ibn Zaid ibn Thabit al-Ansari” as a Model
The research addresses the emergence of jurisprudential schools in the era of the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) and the impact of the Islamic conquests on their dispersion across various regions. This contributed to the emergence of multiple jurisprudential schools distinguished by independent reasoning (Ijtihad), diverse methodologies of evidence-based deduction, and differing opinions according to the evidence. The research then highlights the role of the Successors (Tabi'in) in receiving these schools, consolidating their methodologies, and developing them further. The research focuses on Kharijah ibn Zaid ibn Thabit al-Ansari (may Allah have mercy on him) as one of the most prominent jurists of Medina during the era of the Successors. It does so by explaining his dedication to the jurisprudence of the Companions and analyzing his jurisprudential opinions and his inductive methodology for deriving legal rulings. The research aims to highlight his contribution to the development of Medinan jurisprudence and to demonstrate the influence of the early jurisprudential schools in shaping the science of Islamic jurisprudence.
Kharijah ibn Zaid al-Ansari (may Allah have mercy on him),
Knowledge Management As A Strategic Tool In Crisis Management And Decision-Making
The research aims to identify the role of knowledge management as a strategic tool in enhancing crisis management and supporting the decision-making process within institutions. The research problem is represented in the weakness of this role. The researcher employed the descriptive methodology in this study. In the applied framework, the research sample included department directors, office managers, heads of divisions, and several employees in the Crisis Management Department at the National Center for Emergency, Crisis, and Disaster Management. The sample consisted of 28 individuals out of a total of 136 employees at the Center, representing 20.5% of the total workforce. The questionnaire was divided into four main dimensions: knowledge management, crisis management, decision-making, and the relationship between knowledge management, crisis management, and decision-making. Based on the statistical analysis of the respondents’ answers to the questionnaire, and through testing the research hypotheses, the analysis indicated several key findings. The Center regularly collects knowledge and information relevant to its operations at a rate of 100%. However, tacit knowledge (employees’ experience and skills) is neither documented nor shared among staff, as confirmed by 92.8% of participants who selected “disagree.” Similarly, 92.8% of respondents confirmed that the Center does not have clear and written plans for dealing with potential crises. On the other hand, 92.4% of participants affirmed the existence of periodic training for employees on crisis scenarios. Additionally, 89.3% confirmed that decisions made within the Center are based on accurate and reliable information. Accordingly, the research findings indicate that the level of knowledge management within institutions is a fundamental factor for the success of crisis management and the improvement of decision-making quality. Among the most important recommendations of the study are the necessity of documenting tacit knowledge (employees’ experience and skills) and sharing it among staff; the need for clear and written plans to manage potential crises; and ensuring that decisions made during crises are effective and well-informed.
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Adaptive Weighted Multitaper Method for Spectral Estimation Under Data Loss
Modern radar systems frequently encounter data loss during signal acquisition due to hardware failures, interference, or intermittent sampling, severely degrading spectral estimation accuracy. This work introduces an adaptive weighted multitaper method integrated with a circular memory architecture to address spectral leakage under adverse conditions with substantial missing data. Our approach employs a novel weighting scheme were systematically optimized through grid search across 200 parameter combinations using 500 Monte Carlo trials. Testing across SNR levels 0-30 dB with 30% missing data reveals substantial improvements Comparative analysis against the Bartlett, Welch, and Thomson Multitaper methods. For typical radar parameters (N=1024, K=8, M=128), our method requires approximately 8,192 operations versus 40,960 for Thomson MTM, representing a kind of 80% computational reduction while maintaining superior performance. The method proves effective for radar applications requiring robust spectral estimation despite incomplete data acquisition, maintaining computational efficiency suitable for real-time processing
Judicial Review of Administrative Actions in Libya: An Analytical and Critical Study in the Context of the Absence of a Specialized Administrative
This research addresses the critical issue of the absence of a specialized administrative judiciary in Libya and its impact on the effectiveness of judicial oversight over public administration. It analyzes the theoretical foundations of judicial review, examines the current Libyan legal framework, and evaluates the capacity of ordinary courts to adjudicate administrative disputes, highlighting the limitations caused by the lack of specialization and procedural adaptation. The study explores the negative consequences of this absence, including weak oversight of technical or discretionary administrative decisions, lengthy litigation procedures, and declining public trust in administrative justice. A comparative analysis of successful Arab models such as Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, and Algeria provide valuable insights into adaptable structures for the Libyan context. Based on these findings, the research proposes a legal and institutional framework for establishing an independent administrative judiciary in Libya, tailored to national specificities and aimed at strengthening the rule of law, protecting individual rights, and building effective legal institutions aligned with modern governance standards.
Behavioral Problems Among Secondary School Students from the Perspective of Their Teachers in Bani Walid
The current study aimed to identify the behavioral problems of secondary school students from the point of view of their teachers in the city of Bani Walid. For this purpose, the researchers used the descriptive approach and selected the sample intentionally from secondary schools located in the scope of Al-Dhahra and Bani Walid Center, and their number reached (80) male and female teachers. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers then built the study tool after reviewing some previous studies related to the subject of the study, where the study tool consisted of (24) paragraphs. This tool was distributed to secondary schools located in the scope of Al-Dhahra and Bani Walid Center, in the city of Bani Walid, and their number reached (5) schools out of (6) secondary schools. The researchers conducted the validity and reliability of the study tool, and its reliability rate reached (680). Among the most important results reached by the study are: The most widespread behavioral problems among the study sample from the point of view of secondary school teachers on the questionnaire as a whole in terms of percentages are paragraph No. (8) with a percentage of (95%) and it states the density of the number of students inside the classroom, paragraph No. (11) with a percentage of (86.25%) and it states running away from school before the end of the school day, paragraph No. (17) with a percentage of (7875%) and it states the lack of cooperation of parents in solving their children's problems, or paragraph No. (24) with a percentage of (72.5%) and it states the abundance of writing on the school walls, and paragraph No. (1) with a percentage of (661.25) and it states the lack of discipline outside the classroom, especially in the school yard, and as for the paragraphs that were low in terms of extracting percentages, they are paragraph (6) with a percentage of (48.75%) and it states that the behavior is practiced without calculating the results and paragraph No. (21) with a percentage of (41.25%) and states: “Note: Paragraph No. (13) with a percentage of (37.5%) states, “Hitting colleagues during class,” Paragraph No. (9) with a percentage of (35%) states, “He defends his friends even if they are wrong,” and Paragraph No. (4) with a percentage of (31.25%) states, “He constantly repeats his mistakes due to his lack of concentration.” In light of the results of the study, it was stated that
Solving the Economic Dispatch by Artificial Bees Colony (ABC) Algorithm
The goal of Economic Dispatch (ED), a basic optimization problem in power system operation, is to ascertain the ideal power output of producing units while satisfying system restrictions and minimizing overall fuel costs. Nonlinearity, nonconvex cost functions, and intricate operational restrictions like power balancing and generator limits are common challenges for conventional optimization techniques. This study applies the Artificial Bees Colony (ABC) algorithm, a swarm intelligence-based metaheuristic inspired by honey bee foraging behavior, to effectively solve the Economic Dispatch problem. In order to effectively handle nonlinear and limited optimization problems, the ABC algorithm uses employed bees, observer bees, and scout bees to explore and exploit the search space. The proposed approach is implemented on a practical power system model consisting of three thermal generating units selected from the Libyan electrical network, namely Misurata, Al-Khums, and West Tripoli power plants. Simulation results demonstrate that the ABC algorithm successfully determines the optimal generation schedule while satisfying power balance and generator operating limits.
Efficiency and Effectiveness Analysis of a Digital Road Problem Reporting Platform: A Simulation Study Using MATLAB with Applications to the "MyCity" Platform
This study aims to evaluate the performance of electronic platforms for reporting urban infrastructure issues, with a focus on road problem reporting systems. An integrated simulation model was developed using the MATLAB environment to simulate the operational processes of the virtual "MyCity" platform, while analyzing the impact of intelligent scheduling systems on key performance indicators. The results showed that implementing a dynamic priority-based scheduling system can improve average response times by 35.7%, increase task completion rates within target timeframes by 28.3%, and enhance resource utilization efficiency by 42.1% compared to traditional systems. The study presents a methodological framework applicable to real urban reporting systems and proposes practical improvements to enhance the effectiveness of municipal services.
Climate Change Indicators in the Al-Jufra Region: Analysis of Temperature Trends (2010–2024)
Background and Aims: Desert regions like Al-Jufra in Libya are climate change hotspots due to their harsh climatic nature and sensitivity to thermal fluctuations. This study aimed to analyze climate change indicators in the Al-Jufra region by tracking monthly, annual, and seasonal temperature trends for the period 2010-2024, and assessing extreme temperature indices and their potential impacts. Methodology: The study relied on monthly maximum and minimum temperature data from the Hun meteorological station and NASA GISTEMP data. Descriptive, analytical, and statistical methods were employed, including the Mann-Kendall trend test, linear regression analysis, and calculation of seasonal indices and extreme temperature indicators (number of hot days, heatwave length). Results: The results showed a clear and steady upward trend in temperatures. The annual average maximum temperature increased from 32.1°C in 2010 to 41.9°C in 2024 (increase rate of 0.66°C/year), while the annual average minimum temperature increased from 12.4°C to 22.2°C (similar rate). The highest maximum temperature was recorded in July 2023 (46.61°C). An extension of the summer season to include April and October was observed, along with a noticeable increase in daily temperature variation and the number of very hot days (>40°C). Conclusions: The study confirms that the Al-Jufra region is experiencing rapid and tangible climate change, with a shift in seasonal patterns and an increased frequency of extreme events. These changes herald negative impacts on water resources, agriculture, the environment, and public health, necessitating urgent adaptation and mitigation measures.
The Effect of Niyyah on Islamic Jurisprudence: A Comparison of Taklifi and Wad'i Rulings
The current research, titled "The Effect of Intention (Niyyah) on Islamic Legal Rulings (Ahkām Shar'iyyah): An Usuli Comparative Study between the Mandatory Ruling (Al-Hukm Al-Taklīfī) and the Declaratory Ruling (Al-Hukm Al-Waḍ'ī)," addresses the critical position of intention in the actions and statements of the legally responsible individual (Mukallaf). Intention is considered the pillar of every act, as no action is valid without it. The study aims to clarify the relationship between intention and legal rulings and to resolve some of the ambiguities surrounding this concept. It defines intention linguistically as 'purpose' or 'aim' and technically as the 'purpose of obedience and seeking closeness to God' or 'purposing a thing concurrent with its performance'. The paper confirms the necessity of intention through evidence from the Quran and Sunnah, citing the prophetic hadith: "Actions are but by intentions...". The research establishes a detailed relationship between intention and the two main types of legal rulings. It finds that the Mandatory Ruling (Al-Hukm Al-Taklīfī), which includes obligation, recommendation, prohibition, dislike, and permissibility, is contingent upon intention, meaning the act of the Mukallaf is invalid without it. This is because accountability (Thawāb and 'Iqāb) is tied to the intentional and voluntary action of the individual. Conversely, the Declaratory Ruling (Al-Hukm Al-Waḍ'ī), which includes causality (Sabab), condition (Sharṭ), impediment (Māni‘), validity (Ṣaḥīḥ), and invalidity (Fāsid), does not necessarily require intention. Declaratory rulings may occur even if the act lacks intention, as they can relate to non-human actions (like the sun's declining) or to the acts of the sleeper, the forgetful, or the insane. The study concludes that intention is an essential component of the Mandatory Ruling, but not necessarily a condition for the Declaratory Ruling, and it distinguishes habits from acts of worship, potentially transforming a habit into worship through good intention.
Employer's Obligations Towards the Social Security Fund in Light of the Provisions of Libyan Legislation
This paper investigates the nature of the employer's obligations towards the Social Security Fund in light of the Libyan Social Security Law. The study reveals that the employer's commitments are divided into two main categories: administrative obligations and financial obligations. Administrative obligations include the mandatory registration of the workplace entity with the Social Security system, as well as the registration of all employees. Financial obligations center on the payment of mandatory social security contributions. The research emphasizes the legislative endeavor to ensure that these legal provisions are appropriate, striking a balance between the financial stability of the Social Security Fund (as contributions represent the primary funding source) and the economic situation of the enterprise. Failure by the employer to comply with these obligations exposes them to various penalties and legal consequences. The paper concludes that the registration process is the cornerstone of the Social Security system, securing the rights of the insured and ensuring the continuity of the Fund's resources.
A Comparative Study of Linguistic Phenomena between Ancient and Modern Linguists
Contemporary linguistic studies adopt a conciliatory approach based on a scientific appreciation of the Arabic linguistic heritage, avoiding the extremes of outright rejection or uncritical admiration. Through this approach, they seek to develop integrative frameworks that bridge the methodologies and conceptual systems of classical linguistic scholarship with the analytical tools of modern linguistics, aiming to create a more comprehensive and precise methodological paradigm. This orientation is rooted in a firm belief in the importance of this heritage, which constitutes a fundamental axis of research, undertaken through multifaceted efforts including the collection of linguistic material, the verification of manuscripts, and their analytical study and interpretation. The Arabic linguistic heritage derives its significance from containing profound and early insights into many essential linguistic issues, to which Western linguistics did not awaken until the modern era. Furthermore, this perspective affirms that each language possesses its own unique syntactic and rule-based system, stemming from the distinct fabric and internal structure of the language
Enhancing faculty members' skills in using digital libraries through interactive virtual reality training: A case study at Omar Al-Mukhtar University
This study aims to answer the main question: What is the impact of using interactive virtual reality training on developing faculty members' skills in using digital libraries at Omar Al-Mukhtar University? This study highlights the importance of enhancing faculty members' skills and empowering them to effectively utilize digital resources, thereby positively impacting the quality of education and scientific research. It also emphasizes the benefits of information services in digital libraries within universities, particularly at Omar Al-Mukhtar University, the subject of this research. The study aims to explore the use of interactive virtual reality training as an innovative training method to develop faculty members' digital and informational skills in their academic and research activities, enabling them to access electronic resources effectively. Furthermore, the study contributes scientific findings that can be used to design future training programs based on modern interactive technology. This research seeks to address a clear knowledge gap: the lack of research employing interactive virtual reality training to develop digital skills in higher education institutions and keep pace with the developments and changes occurring in the knowledge-based world. The study focuses on a key academic group that contributes to disseminating research culture. A descriptive-analytical approach was used, relying on a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection and analysis to arrive at accurate conclusions about the participants' performance. The study presents a practical, measurable, and applicable training model within a real academic environment. The study's strength lies in its novel subject matter, its integration of technology and academic professional development, and its contribution to supporting digital transformation in Libyan universities.
La pensée des lumières et l historiographie des sciences arabes
L'histoire des sciences, émergée au XVIIIe siècle avec les Lumières (Fontenelle, Condorcet) comme un genre littéraire valorisant le progrès de l'esprit humain, a rapidement évolué vers une conception européocentrique et positiviste au XIXe siècle, excluant toute contribution non occidentale, notamment celle des Arabes médiévaux. Cette exclusion, fondée sur le mythe du "miracle grec" et des théories anthropologiques, a relégué les sciences arabes au rang de simples répétitions des Grecs. Face à cette "occidentalisation", les historiens des sciences arabes ont adopté une posture réactive et défensive, souvent en adoptant un "orientalisme inverse" qui idéalise le passé et se base sur le critère positiviste de l'expérimentation. L'article analyse cette dynamique et met en lumière l'approche plus rigoureuse de Rushdi Rashed et de ses contemporains, qui insistent sur l'étude objective de la science arabe comme une étape historique à part entière (Xe-XVIIe siècles) et comme un facteur clé dans le débat sur l'innovation et la tradition. Finalement, la recherche s'interroge sur la pertinence actuelle de l'histoire des sciences dans le contexte arabe, soulignant la nécessité d'une critique radicale des classifications scientifiques pour atteindre la "vérité".
Arabic Language and Keeping pace with Developments: between Authenticity and Evolution
The Arabic language is characterized by a deeply rooted structure and a robust system that has historically combined the authenticity of its origins with a remarkable capacity for evolution. This research highlights this delicate balance by studying the linguistic features of Arabic that have endowed it with consistency and stability, followed by an exposition of its mechanisms for linguistic expansion, such as derivation (Ishtiqaq) and arabization (Ta'reeb), which grant it the flexibility to accommodate scientific and technological developments. The study concludes that Arabic is not a static language but a dynamic system capable of interacting with the current era and meeting the demands of expression and communication without abandoning its fundamental identity. While the language faces contemporary challenges, notably the dominance of foreign languages and the scarcity of Arabic digital content, its intrinsic structural capabilities and semantic richness confirm its enduring ability to remain current. Enhancing this balance requires conscious educational and institutional efforts.
The Migration of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym: Their Settlement in Barqa and Tripoli and the Hostile Campaign Against Them
This research aims to study the migration of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes to North Africa in the fifth century AH (11th century AD), focusing on the perspectives of historians who documented them, such as Ibn al-Athir, Ibn Adhari al-Marrakushi, and Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun is considered the most important historian who dealt with the Hilali migration, and the most influential on subsequent historians (Orientalists and Arabs). The research concluded by refuting the prevailing view adopted by the writings of some Orientalists and modern historians, which holds the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes responsible for the political, economic, and social devastation and destruction of the region. Furthermore, the motives for the migration (political and economic) and the civilizational impact of the Hilali tribes were clarified, along with detailing the events of their control over Kairouan in 449 AH (1057 AD).
Design and Performance Analysis of 6LoWPAN Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Buildings Management
This study presents a comprehensive performance analysis of 6LoWPAN-based Wireless Sensor Networks for smart building management systems. A MATLAB simulation framework was developed to model a three-story building environment with 60 sensor nodes and one border router. The simulation incorporated realistic indoor propagation models accounting for wall attenuation (10 dB) and floor attenuation (20 dB). Results demonstrate robust network performance with a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 92.4%, average end-to-end latency of 87.3 ms, and network connectivity of 96.7%. The average hop count was 2.8 with a maximum of 5 hops, while energy efficiency remained at 100% throughout the 2-hour simulation period. These findings confirm 6LoWPAN's suitability for real-time building automation applications, meeting the reliability and responsiveness requirements for HVAC control, lighting management, and environmental monitoring in modern smart buildings.