Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions
type: channel
description: The Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions (JSHD) (ISSN: 3106-1702) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Alqala Aljadida University in Libya. The journal's official website is: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/index With a commitment to promoting and disseminating high-quality research, JSHD publishes four issues annually. The journal covers a wide range of disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, and applied sciences. Vision: To be a leading platform for scientific and humanistic research, fostering intellectual discourse and contributing to knowledge advancement. Mission: To provide a rigorous and efficient peer-review process for original research, reviews, and scholarly articles from diverse academic fields, ensuring accessibility and visibility for all published work. Objectives: To publish high-impact, original research. To support researchers by providing an open-access platform. To serve as a bridge between various scientific and humanistic disciplines. Contact Information: Email: jshd.publishing@gmail.com WhatsApp: +218927648287 Website: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/index
publisher: Alqala Aljadida University
language: en
publication name: Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions
issn: 3106-1702
items: Phenomenon Endowment in Arabic
items: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/article/view/103
items: International and Regional Cooperation Frameworks in Combating Transboundary Environmental Crimes and Their Impact on the Sustainability of Ecosystems in Southern Libya
items: Heavy Metal Accumulation Resulting from Petroleum Waste Disposal in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Case Study in Dry and Desert Ecosystems of Southern Libya
items: Digital Transformation and its Impact on the Quality of Accounting Information in Financial Statements
items: The American Strategy in the Middle East (Objectives - Pillars - Mechanisms)
items: Training and Its Role in Enhancing Job Performance: An Applied Study on the Employees of Al-Qardah Al-Shati Municipal Council
items: Salam and Parallel Salam Operations (Sharia Requirements and Accounting Treatments)
items: "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing the Efficiency of Administrative Contracts: Towards More Effective and Transparent Governance"
items: Total Quality Management as a Mechanism for Enhancing Job Empowerment: An Analytical Study in the Services Sector
items: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Tools on Enhancing English Language Acquisition among Undergraduates at Omar ALMukhtar University, Department of English Language, Faculty of Arts, Albeida, Libya
items: Investigation of the Physicochemical Properties of the Active Compound in Clove Buds and Its Biological Activity Against Selected Bacterial Strains
items: The Impact of Climate Change on Irregular Migration Patterns Across the Libyan Coast: An Analytical Study of Central Route Flows (2022–2024)
items: Assessment of Injury Prevention Knowledge Among University Athletes and Coaches: A Quantitative Study
items: Linking Tools in the Legal Sentence are Applied Examples of Libyan Law Articles
items: Analysis of Public Debt Sustainability in Middle-Income Arab Countries Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Early Warning Indicators and Management Scenarios
items: Evaluation of the Financial Performance Level of Jumhouria Bank Using the Bankometer Model
items: The Problem of Distinguishing Between Combatants and Civilians in Asymmetric Warfare: An Analytical Study of the Challenges of Applying Contemporary International Humanitarian Law
items: The Origin of the Political State in Aristotle
items: "Investing in Intellectual Capital and its Impact on Employee Job Performance" (A field study at the Food and Drug Control Center)
items: National Policy for Digital Transformation in Archiving: Towards Effective Electronic Management of Archival Documents (A Case Study of the Civil Registry – Misrata)
items: The Legal Framework of Duress and its Impact on Criminal Responsibility: A Fundamental Study in Libyan Legislation
items: Political Identity Between Language and Power: A Comparative Philosophical Reading of the Thought of Al-Jahiz and Taha Abd al-Rahman
items: An Analytical Study on the Relationship between Participation in Group Sports Activities and Students’ Emotional Intelligence Levels
items: An Integrative Approach of K-Means Algorithm and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for Hand Fracture Classification: An Applied Study on Local Clinical Data
items: The Impact of Climate Change on Ponicum Production and Its Mitigation Strategies
items: Comparative Study on the Tensile Properties of Thermoplastic Corn Starch Films Reinforced with Cornhusk and Stalk Fillers
items: Health Planning in Controlling Infectious Diseases in Hospitals in the City of Tripoli
items: The Provisions of the Accused's Confession
items: The Legal Legitimacy of the Accused's Right to Defend themselves and to be Assisted by a Lawyer During Interrogation

Phenomenon Endowment in Arabic
type: item
description: An Phenomenon l knew her Arabic since Its origin And he knew About the Arabs They They don t start Basakin And they do not stop On a moving That’s Iightness Stillness And the endowment Against connection Therefore Waqf (endowment) has different aspects several she: Stopping with a pause, And the Romans, And with the nasalization And by transport , By doubling, And it has been shown This phenomenon Scholars of Tajweed And the voices, And we showed its Iocations So she adorned herself with it Arabic And increased its splendor, He participated in detail This phenomenon Scintists Grammar And the exchange And the voices and Tajweed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tanween
  topic: keywords
subject: Endowment
  topic: keywords
subject: the Quran
  topic: keywords
subject: Romans
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Adulwahb Ibrahim Elmhroog
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 528
ending page: 538
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.104

https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/article/view/103
type: item
title: The Role of Digital Media in Raising Awareness of University Students about the Dangers of Rumors and Its Impact on National Reconciliation: A Field Study on Students of Media Faculties in Libyan Universities
description: This study aims to explore the role of digital media in raising awareness among Libyan university students about the dangers of rumors and to examine its impact on supporting national reconciliation. The study focuses on students of media faculties in Libyan universities, including the Faculty of Media at the University of Benghazi, the Faculty of Media – Al-Marj Branch, the Media Department at Al-Marqab University, and the Faculty of Media and Communication at Ajdabiya University. The sub-objectives include assessing students’ awareness of digital rumors, analyzing the relationship between their use of digital media and their ability to verify information, evaluating the influence of digital media awareness on students’ attitudes toward tolerance and social cohesion, and exploring the role of digital media in supporting national reconciliation, along with providing practical recommendations to enhance media literacy. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, which is suitable for describing students’ use of digital media, measuring their awareness of digital rumors, and analyzing its impact on their attitudes toward national reconciliation. Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire based on a Likert scale, with a stratified random sample of 384 students from the four media faculties to ensure proportional representation. The results indicate that students have a moderately high level of awareness regarding digital rumors and that frequent use of digital media enhances their skills in verifying news and reducing the impact of misinformation. Goal-oriented digital content and awareness campaigns significantly contributed to promoting values of tolerance and peaceful coexistence while increasing awareness of national reconciliation and correcting misconceptions related to it. The findings also highlighted the need to intensify digital awareness campaigns, integrate media literacy programs into university activities, establish university platform…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Media
  topic: keywords
subject: Rumors
  topic: keywords
subject: National Reconciliation
  topic: keywords
subject: Libyan University Students
  topic: keywords
creator: Tawfeeq Mustafa Hamad Ajweeli
creator: Miftah Awadh Ramadhan Masoud
creator: Eisa Sulayman Adreessulayman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 505
ending page: 527
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.103

International and Regional Cooperation Frameworks in Combating Transboundary Environmental Crimes and Their Impact on the Sustainability of Ecosystems in Southern Libya
type: item
description: This paper examines international and regional cooperation frameworks in addressing transboundary environmental crimes, with a particular focus on their impact on the sustainability of ecosystems in southern Libya, one of the most environmentally and security-fragile regions. In recent years, this area has witnessed a notable increase in various forms of environmental crimes, most prominently artisanal and illegal gold mining using mercury, hazardous waste trafficking, and illicit wildlife trade. These activities have been facilitated by the region’s harsh geography, weak border control, and institutional fragility. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach, drawing on the analysis of reports issued by relevant international organizations, such as INTERPOL and the ENACT initiative, in addition to examining key international legal frameworks, most notably the Basel Convention and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The paper also reviews the national institutional framework related to combating environmental crimes. It aims to describe the mechanisms through which these crimes are perpetrated, analyze their linkage to weak transparency and institutional coordination, and assess the effectiveness of international and regional cooperation frameworks in mitigating their environmental impacts. The study concludes that enhancing the sustainability of ecosystems in southern Libya requires the development of cross-border cooperation mechanisms, improved information sharing, and strengthened institutional and oversight capacities. Such measures are essential for reinforcing environmental governance and reducing the risks posed by transboundary environmental crimes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Environmental Crimes
  topic: keywords
subject: Southern Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: International Cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: Artisanal Gold Mining
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-Corruption
  topic: keywords
creator: Aboubakr A. Y. Salih
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 490
ending page: 504
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.102

Heavy Metal Accumulation Resulting from Petroleum Waste Disposal in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Case Study in Dry and Desert Ecosystems of Southern Libya
type: item
description: The disposal of petroleum waste in oil-producing areas creates serious environmental hazards for desert ecosystems because their soil restoration process moves at an extremely slow pace. This research study examines heavy metal pollution which exists in the soils that surround the Sharara and Elephant Al-Fil and NC-186 Mutakhendush oil fields found in southern Libya. Researcher used pollution indices together with simulated datasets which environmental assessments produced to assess pollution levels of Cd and Cr and Cu and Pb and Zn and Ni and V in locations where produced water and drilling wastes and accidental spills occurred. The results show that metal levels have increased beyond natural background levels while pollution indices show moderate to high contamination in multiple sampling sites. The spatial analysis reveals how different operational activities and waste disposal methods create distinct operational patterns. The research examines bioremediation methods together with AI-powered geographical mapping systems which will improve monitoring efficiency and help develop remediation strategies. The results demonstrate that Libya must create more effective petroleum waste management techniques in order to reduce ecological harm and protect significant desert habitats in southern Libya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Heavy Metals
  topic: keywords
subject: Petroleum Waste
  topic: keywords
subject: Desert Ecosystems
  topic: keywords
subject: Pollution Indices
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioremediation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nouraldin Almahdi Ibrahim Basha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
starting page: 477
ending page: 489
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.101

Digital Transformation and its Impact on the Quality of Accounting Information in Financial Statements
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the impact of digital transformation on the quality of accounting information in commercial banks, through a field study applied to the Commercial Bank in Tobruk. The study is based on the hypothesis that adopting digital transformation applications contributes to improving the qualitative characteristics of accounting information, thereby supporting the efficiency of financial and administrative decisions within banking institutions. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method and used the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. A total of (40) questionnaires were distributed to employees of the Commercial Bank (the Main Branch and Dar es Salaam Branch) in Tobruk. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to test the study's hypotheses and measure the impact of digital transformation on the quality of accounting information. The study focused on the qualitative characteristics of accounting information, namely relevance, reliability, understandability, comparability, and timeliness. The results showed a statistically significant impact of digital transformation on the quality of accounting information in commercial banks, as it contributed to improving the accuracy of information, accelerating the preparation of financial reports, and enhancing its reliability and relevance for its users. This study contributes to enriching the accounting literature related to digital transformation in the banking environment, particularly in the Libyan context. It also recommends strengthening investment in digital infrastructure and developing human resource competencies to ensure sustainable improvement in the quality of accounting information.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality of Accounting Information
  topic: keywords
subject: Commercial Banks
  topic: keywords
subject: Accounting Information Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Amal Issa Saleh
creator: Wael Sassi Mohamed Adheim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-26
publication date: 2026-02-26
starting page: 459
ending page: 476
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.100

The American Strategy in the Middle East (Objectives - Pillars - Mechanisms)
type: item
description: Since its emergence as a central actor in international conflict, the United States of America has played a decisive role in structuring regional power balances in the Middle East in accordance with its strategic interests. Within this framework, Iraq was regarded as both a strategic and economic challenge to U.S. national security, prompting policies that led to the systematic erosion of its state capacities and long-term destabilization, this paper examines the conceptual foundations of U.S. national security, delineates American strategic objectives in the Middle East, and analyzes the stages, instruments, and structural determinants of their implementation, while assessing their effectiveness. The study argues that U.S. strategy reflects continuity at the level of core objectives, whereas shifts occur primarily in methods and tactical approaches. It further contends that the project of a “New Middle East” entails the reconfiguration of regional identity frameworks, with Iraq constituting an initial phase in a broader process aimed at restructuring the political environment to align with American strategic interests
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The United States of America
  topic: keywords
subject: The Middle East
  topic: keywords
subject: National Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Reflects Continuity
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Identity
  topic: keywords
creator: Marjiya Ibrahim Mohammed
creator: Amna Abdul Rahman Warith
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 448
ending page: 458
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.98

Training and Its Role in Enhancing Job Performance: An Applied Study on the Employees of Al-Qardah Al-Shati Municipal Council
type: item
description: The study aimed to examine the impact of training on enhancing the job performance of employees at Al-Qardah Al-Shati Municipal Council. It adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire as the main tool to collect data from a random sample of 277 employees out of a total population of approximately 900. The study focused on three key dimensions of the training process: training needs assessment, training program design, and training implementation and evaluation, with job performance as the dependent variable. The results revealed that training has a significant positive effect on developing employees’ skills and knowledge, enhancing their professional competence, and improving the quality of services provided to citizens. The findings also indicated that systematically assessing training needs, designing structured programs, and implementing them according to well-planned strategies substantially contribute to improving job performance. The study highlights the importance of continuous investment in training as a strategic tool for developing human capital, enhancing organizational efficiency, and achieving citizen satisfaction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Job Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Training Needs Assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Training Program Design
  topic: keywords
subject: Training Program Evaluation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Tarjem Mohamed Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-19
publication date: 2026-02-19
starting page: 426
ending page: 447
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.97

Salam and Parallel Salam Operations (Sharia Requirements and Accounting Treatments)
type: item
description: This study focused on explaining the important aspects related to the Salam contract, as it is among the sales contracts used recently in Islamic banking. This is because it provides a financing formula that is flexible and responsive to the needs of different customers, whether short-term, medium, or long-term financing, and also provides the needs of multiple segments of customers, whether they are agricultural or industrial producers, contractors, or merchants, as well as its response to financing operating expenses and expenses. Other capitalism. The study also demonstrated the possibility of practical application of Accounting Standard No. (7) issued by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), with all its legal and technical requirements. The most important results of this study are: 1) Salam and Parallel Salam are characterized by characteristics that make them a financing alternative in Islamic banking. 2) The existence of an integrated scientific framework for the contract of Salam and Parallel Salam that can be precisely defined. Accordingly, the study recommended the following: 1) The necessity of activating the legal and accounting standards issued by the authorities responsible for Islamic finance, and knowing their compatibility with practical practices. 2) Taking into account the specificity of banking legislation and law issued in Libya when dealing with Islamic financial products, including Salam and Parallel Salam. 3) Requesting educational and training institutions to introduce knowledge related to Islamic finance in its various branches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Salam
  topic: keywords
subject: Parallel Salam
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Financial Products
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Banking
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ali Muftah Ghaith Al-Zawali
creator: Dr. Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmeida
creator: Prof. Dr. Hisham Kamel Qashout
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-14
publication date: 2026-02-14
starting page: 407
ending page: 425
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.96

"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing the Efficiency of Administrative Contracts: Towards More Effective and Transparent Governance"
type: item
description: It is well acknowledged that there are challenges facing the efficiency of administrative contracts, and perhaps technological advancements may contribute to addressing these issues, especially since artificial intelligence has been relied upon in many legal fields, with administrative contracts being among the most significant. To what extent can the implementation of these contracts be absorbed by the specialized administrative bodies responsible for concluding administrative contracts and their ability to execute them? Furthermore, how can artificial intelligence be utilized in drafting these contracts, determining the relevant laws and regulations, reviewing and analyzing them, and identifying any ambiguous clauses within them? Additionally, it can provide opinions that assist in decision-making regarding the improvement of the quality of new contracts, analyze potential risks, and offer recommendations on necessary measures and managing the relationship between contracting parties to enhance efficiency and improve the contracts concluded by the administration, as well as the ability to monitor their execution according to the agreed-upon terms. Moreover, it is crucial to avoid the flaws associated with the applications of artificial intelligence, such as algorithmic bias towards parties in administrative contracts, privacy breaches, data leaks and manipulation, and the high costs of these applications, all while there is a complete- absence of legislation establishing strict laws against their misuse
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electronic Administrative Contracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: A-Digital Management
  topic: keywords
subject: E-Government
  topic: keywords
creator: Sounds Alb ashier Ali MOs bah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
starting page: 398
ending page: 406
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.93

Total Quality Management as a Mechanism for Enhancing Job Empowerment: An Analytical Study in the Services Sector
type: item
description: This study aims to explore the dialectical and complementary relationship between Total Quality Management (TQM) practices and employee empowerment in service sector organizations. The study is based on the premise that the human dimension of TQM is the primary driver for creating an empowering work environment that transcends rigid procedural frameworks. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by reviewing contemporary literature and deconstructing theoretical models linking the two variables. The study concluded that quality principles, particularly supportive leadership and teamwork, act as structural platforms that grant employees autonomy and the ability to influence. The research also developed a proposed conceptual model that illustrates the pathways for the impact of quality to translate into psychological and structural empowerment, thus contributing to bridging the knowledge gap regarding how to transform a "quality culture" into a sustainable "empowering behavior."
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quality Management (TQM)
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Service Sector
  topic: keywords
subject: Transformational Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Job Satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Salah Ahmed Yousuf Salim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-10
publication date: 2026-02-10
starting page: 390
ending page: 397
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.92

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Tools on Enhancing English Language Acquisition among Undergraduates at Omar ALMukhtar University, Department of English Language, Faculty of Arts, Albeida, Libya
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence [AI ] technologies have recently surfaced in the context of English Language Learning [ ELL] in the forms of AI chatbots, speech recognition pronunciation tools, and adaptive learning platforms. The present study sets out to explore the role that AI plays in supporting EFL at Omar ALMukhtar Albeida , Libya. Focusing on undergraduates' engagement, autonomy, and perceived improvement in key language skills, with particular emphasis on speaking and pronunciation. A mixed methods design was used, combining a questionnaire to capture broad patterns of AI use and learner perceptions with semi structured meetings (interviews) to explore learners' experiences, benefits, and concerns in more depth. This included items addressing the frequency and purpose of using different AI tools, how useful and easy such tools were to use. These meetings examined how AI feedback is interpreted by learners, how AI moderates confidence and anxiety, and limitations such as the reliability of feedback, real conversational authenticity, and reliance on automated guidance The results integrated from the two strands of the mixed methods research indicate that learners regard AI systems for their immediate feedback mechanisms, flexibility in practice schedules out of class time, and for being able to practice speaking in a non-pressure context. The benefits of AI systems have already been mentioned in previous discussions in terms of language learning assistance provided by chatbots and other AI systems , Haristiani (2019), Han ( 2019), Karsenti (2019 ), and Mukhallafin (2020).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  topic: keywords
subject: English Language Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Chatbots
  topic: keywords
subject: Pronunciation
  topic: keywords
subject: Autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Mixed Methods Research
  topic: keywords
creator: Fariha Mohamed Ali
creator: Asma Mousa Bader
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-09
publication date: 2026-02-09
starting page: 376
ending page: 389
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.91

Investigation of the Physicochemical Properties of the Active Compound in Clove Buds and Its Biological Activity Against Selected Bacterial Strains
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of the active compound in clove buds and its biological activity against selected bacterial strains. Clove extracts were prepared using different solvents (aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic, hexane) and analyzed for their physicochemical properties and chemical constituents. The antibacterial activity was tested against four standard Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Results showed significant variation in total phenolic and flavonoid content depending on the solvent, with alcoholic extracts outperforming aqueous and hexane extracts. The ethanolic extract demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy, exhibiting lower MIC and MBC values compared to other extracts. Statistical analysis revealed that certain physicochemical properties, such as solid content and viscosity, were significantly correlated with biological activity. These findings suggest that optimizing the type of solvent and extract characteristics can enhance clove’s antibacterial potential, supporting its application in medicinal and food industries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clove
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant Extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial Activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenolics
  topic: keywords
subject: Eugenol
  topic: keywords
creator: Salih Hassan Ahmed Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-09
publication date: 2026-02-09
starting page: 356
ending page: 375
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.90

The Impact of Climate Change on Irregular Migration Patterns Across the Libyan Coast: An Analytical Study of Central Route Flows (2022–2024)
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze the impact of marine climatic variables on irregular migration patterns across the Libyan coast in the central Mediterranean route during the period 2022–2024. Its methodology was based on descriptive and statistical analysis, by linking migration data issued by the International Organization for Migration and Frontex agency with climatic data provided by NASA's (POWER) database, using correlation coefficients (Pearson and Spearman) to test the relationship between variables. The study also found a clear seasonal pattern, where migration flows increased significantly during the summer due to calm seas, while they decreased in autumn and winter due to adverse climatic conditions (rough seas). The statistical analysis also showed a strong positive relationship between rising temperatures and increased numbers of migrants, and a clear correlation between wind speed and higher rates of deaths and missing persons at sea. The study concluded that climatic factors play an important and pivotal role in determining the timing and volume of migrant flows. Based on this, the study recommends integrating weather indicators and forecasts into early warning systems to support maritime monitoring and rescue operations and mitigate the risks threatening the lives of migrants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Irregular Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: The Libyan Coast
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: The Central Route
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Hazards
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Osama Mohamed Abdel Salam Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-08
publication date: 2026-02-08
starting page: 337
ending page: 355
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.89

Assessment of Injury Prevention Knowledge Among University Athletes and Coaches: A Quantitative Study
type: item
description: This study assesses the knowledge of injury prevention among university athletes and coaches, focusing on sources of information and awareness levels. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 101 players and 9 coaches across multiple sports. Results indicate that most athletes rely on coaches and physiotherapists for injury prevention knowledge, while coaches primarily depend on medical professionals and seminars. Although 69.3% of players considered themselves knowledgeable, significant gaps existed regarding risk factors and preventive strategies, especially during training sessions. The findings highlight the need for structured educational interventions and consistent implementation of injury prevention policies within university sports clubs. Enhancing the role of coaches, medical staff, and media is recommended to improve athlete safety and reduce injury incidence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sports Injury Prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: University Athletes
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge Assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Coaches' Role
  topic: keywords
subject: Preventive Strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Haitham Saleh Mashri Nasr
creator: Meftah Madi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-04
publication date: 2026-02-04
starting page: 324
ending page: 336
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.88

Linking Tools in the Legal Sentence are Applied Examples of Libyan Law Articles
type: item
description: Linking devices play a crucial role in legal sentences, connecting clauses and paragraphs, clarifying the relationships between them, and enhancing the clarity and comprehensibility of the legal text. Linking is one of the most important aspects governing the sentence as a linguistic structure. It is achieved through various mechanisms, most notably conjunctions, adverbial connectors, connectives of doubt and reference, tools indicating a departure from reality, explanatory connectors, and other linking devices. A sentence is considered a structural unit that conveys a single semantic meaning, and its independence is a relative concept governed by relationships of connection, linking, and separation within the context. This research will provide a comprehensive overview of linking devices in legal sentences through applied examples from Libyan law
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Linking devices
  topic: keywords
subject: legal texts
  topic: keywords
subject: sentences
  topic: keywords
subject: Libyan law
  topic: keywords
creator: Aisha Hamza Al Fakhri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-03
publication date: 2026-02-03
starting page: 315
ending page: 323
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.87

Analysis of Public Debt Sustainability in Middle-Income Arab Countries Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Early Warning Indicators and Management Scenarios
type: item
description: This research paper aims to analyze public debt sustainability in middle-income Arab countries following the COVID-19 pandemic, while developing a quantitative predictive model to assess sustainability risks. The study relied on the theoretical framework of optimal debt theory and the International Monetary Fund's debt sustainability criteria, applying a quantitative analytical methodology to data from 10 middle-income Arab countries for the period 2015-2023. The results showed a significant deterioration in debt sustainability indicators in most of the concerned countries, with the average debt-to-GDP ratio increasing by 15 percentage points since the beginning of the pandemic. An early warning model based on logistic regression was developed, identifying three key predictive indicators for sustainability crises: the debt service-to-revenue ratio, the current account deficit, and the real growth rate. The study proposes four management scenarios ranging from gradual fiscal correction to comprehensive restructuring, emphasizing the necessity of adopting integrated strategies that promote economic growth and improve the efficiency of public spending.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Public debt sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Arab countries
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: early warning indicators
  topic: keywords
subject: optimal debt theory
  topic: keywords
subject: financial management
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahlaam Aboulgasim Ali Ahmoudah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
starting page: 306
ending page: 314
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.86

Evaluation of the Financial Performance Level of Jumhouria Bank Using the Bankometer Model
type: item
description: The study aims to verify the suitability of the Bankometer S-Score model in evaluating the financial performance of Jumhouria Bank during the period from 2020 to 2023. The research concluded that the Bankometer model can be adopted to assess financial performance in Libyan banking institutions, due to the availability of the necessary financial data required to calculate the model's indicators within the financial statements of Libyan commercial banks. Furthermore, the results showed that the bank's S-Score reached (67), placing the bank's evaluation in the 'Gray Zone', which indicates a state of financial distress".
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Financial Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Bankometer Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Jamhori Bank
  topic: keywords
creator: Tariq Ramadan Abu Khrays
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 293
ending page: 305
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.85

The Problem of Distinguishing Between Combatants and Civilians in Asymmetric Warfare: An Analytical Study of the Challenges of Applying Contemporary International Humanitarian Law
type: item
description: International humanitarian law is based on fundamental principles aimed at protecting non-combatants and civilian objects by restricting the means and methods of warfare. The principle of distinction is the cornerstone of this system. However, contemporary asymmetric warfare has posed significant challenges to its application. In the Syrian context, the conflict has become extremely complex due to the intermingling of combatants with civilian populations in densely populated areas. This has led to widespread violations, including the targeting of vital facilities such as hospitals and schools under the pretext of military necessity, or the use of civilians as human shields. This research analyzes the legal dimensions of this issue, examining the obstacles to the proper application of the principle of distinction in the presence of non-state actors, while emphasizing that any violation of this principle constitutes a grave breach amounting to a war crime.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Humanitarian Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Principle Of Distinction
  topic: keywords
subject: War
  topic: keywords
subject: Syrian Conflict
  topic: keywords
creator: Nuwara Miftah Masoud Al-Ourani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 509
ending page: 533
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v1i2.84

The Origin of the Political State in Aristotle
type: item
description: He identified the primary goal of the state as striving to achieve the common good of citizens by providing a dignified life and realizing justice. He added that good governance is that which contributes to achieving the interests of all members of society, relying on reason and prudent management. Aristotle also emphasizes the importance of the family as the first nucleus from which civil society is formed, which in turn contributes to building the state, as the family is considered the first and fundamental pillar of society. He then addressed different types of governments and believed that the validity of these systems is a relative matter, such that no political system can be described as suitable for all times and places. He considered good governance to be that which achieves the interests of all members of society. Finally, understanding Aristotle’s view of the emergence of the state contributes to enriching philosophical and political debates and enhances our ability to analyze contemporary challenges. Aristotle’s ideas about the state and just governance remain relevant to modern discussions of justice and social responsibility. Therefore, the study of Aristotle remains an important source for understanding the philosophical foundations of politics and governance and opens the way for further studies on the impact of Aristotelian political philosophy on modern thought.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aristotle
  topic: keywords
subject: State
  topic: keywords
subject: Politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Good governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramadan Muhammad Al-Tawfiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 284
ending page: 292
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.83

"Investing in Intellectual Capital and its Impact on Employee Job Performance" (A field study at the Food and Drug Control Center)
type: item
description: This study primarily aims to try to identify the impact of "intellectual capital investment on employee job performance" (a field study in the Food and Drug Control Center), represented by the employees within the center. In addition, it attempts to identify the extent to which there are statistically significant differences in the opinions of the study sample regarding (intellectual capital and employee job performance) attributable to demographic variables. The study population may consist of (all employees of the center). To achieve the study's objectives, a questionnaire was designed to collect data and distributed to a sample of (106) employees. The collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study adopted a descriptive approach by describing the current state of the subject under study, as well as analyzing the responses obtained to determine the opinions of the sample members regarding the role of intellectual capital investment on employee job performance. The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: 1. The study results showed a relationship between intellectual capital and its dimensions and employee performance, as measured by Pearson's correlation coefficient. 2. There is an overall effect of all variables (human capital, structural capital, and relational capital) on employee performance 3. There is a statistically significant and substantial effect of intellectual capital (structural capital x2, human capital x1, and relational capital x3) on employee job performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Capital investment
  topic: keywords
subject: employee job performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Food and Drug Control Center
  topic: keywords
subject: demographic variables
  topic: keywords
subject: statistical package
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulmaeen Khalifa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 271
ending page: 283
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.81

National Policy for Digital Transformation in Archiving: Towards Effective Electronic Management of Archival Documents (A Case Study of the Civil Registry – Misrata)
type: item
description: This research aims to examine the impact of the national digital transformation policy on the development of the electronic archiving system within Libyan government institutions, through an applied study on the Civil Status Registry in Misrata. The study comes in the context of the global trend towards digitization, enhancing e-governance, and improving the efficiency of government document management. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, with data collected via a field questionnaire distributed to a sample of 35 employees out of the 50 who represent the study population. Data were analyzed using statistical tools such as Cronbach’s alpha for reliability and the Pearson test, with the goal of measuring awareness, technical readiness, and human resource efficiency towards digital transformation. The results showed that implementing the national digital transformation policy has contributed to improving the archiving process and reducing dependence on paper documents, as well as enhancing administrative work efficiency and speeding up access to information. Nevertheless, the study revealed challenges related to weak technical infrastructure, insufficient regulatory legislation, and a lack of training and financial support. The findings also demonstrated a strong and significant positive correlation between digital transformation and the effectiveness of electronic archiving (correlation coefficient = 0.874). The study concludes that digital transformation in archiving represents a strategic option to achieve transparency and good governance in Libyan public administration, and that the success of the national policy requires the integration of advanced infrastructure, qualified human resources, and supportive legal frameworks. The researchers recommend the development of a unified national plan for digital archiving, enhancement of cybersecurity measures, provision of ongoing training programs for staff, and the establishment of a permanent national commi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Archiving
  topic: keywords
subject: National Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Document Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Registry
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
creator: Hanin Omar Ahmeid
creator: Mr. Zainab Ali Akhlif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 247
ending page: 270
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.76

The Legal Framework of Duress and its Impact on Criminal Responsibility: A Fundamental Study in Libyan Legislation
type: item
description: This research examines the legal framework of duress as a primary cause for the preclusion of criminal responsibility within the context of modern legal systems and Libyan legislation. It explores how duress negates the element of free will, thereby affecting the psychological component of a crime. The study analyzes the distinction between physical and moral compulsion, emphasizing the conditions required for duress to be legally recognized, such as the presence of an imminent and grave danger. By reviewing judicial principles and legislative texts, the research highlights the balance between upholding the rule of law and recognizing human vulnerability under pressure. The findings suggest a need for precise judicial interpretation to ensure that the defense of duress is not misused while protecting individuals who are forced into criminal acts against their will.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Duress
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Free Will
  topic: keywords
subject: Libyan Legislation
  topic: keywords
subject: Preclusion of Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Framework
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Masoud Abraheem Abouloasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 231
ending page: 246
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.75

Political Identity Between Language and Power: A Comparative Philosophical Reading of the Thought of Al-Jahiz and Taha Abd al-Rahman
type: item
description: This study examines the problem of political identity between language and power from a philosophical and analytical perspective. It is grounded in the assumption that the crisis of political identity in the contemporary Arab context is not merely a crisis of belonging or institutional weakness, but fundamentally a normative crisis related to the nature of political discourse, sources of legitimacy, limits of power, and the horizon of moral responsibility. The study adopts a comparative approach between Al-Jahiz, as a foundational cultural and rational thinker, and Taha Abderrahmane, as a contemporary moral and normative philosopher. It argues that Al-Jahiz established a form of rational-bayani thinking that conceives language as a space for argumentation, debate, and critique of domination, rather than an instrument of symbolic power. This perspective leads to a conception of authority constrained by reason and proof, and to a political identity open to plurality and participation. Conversely, the study shows that Taha Abderrahmane advances the discussion to a deeper ethical level, where language becomes a morally entrusted act, authority is understood as responsibility rather than mere persuasion, and political identity is defined as a value-based practice grounded in accountability and testimony rather than procedural compliance. The study concludes that the relationship between the two approaches is not one of contradiction or rupture, but of philosophical complementarity, which allows for the construction of a contemporary Arab political identity based on the transition from domination to participation, from linguistic authority to moral responsibility, and from an identity of compliance to one of ethical agency. In doing so, the research contributes to renewing Arab political thought by re-linking language, power, and ethics, and by opening a new philosophical horizon for the study of political identity beyond closed traditional dichotomies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Political Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Language
  topic: keywords
subject: Power
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Jahiz
  topic: keywords
subject: Taha Abderrahmane
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hanan Ahmed Habib Habib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 202
ending page: 230
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.74

An Analytical Study on the Relationship between Participation in Group Sports Activities and Students’ Emotional Intelligence Levels
type: item
description: This study aims to explore the relationship between participation in team sports activities and emotional intelligence levels among university students. A descriptive-analytical approach was used with a sample of 200 male and female students from Bani Walid University. The study employed an emotional intelligence scale comprising five main dimensions (self-awareness, emotional regulation, intrinsic motivation, empathy, and social skills), along with a sports participation questionnaire to determine the extent of student involvement in team activities. The results showed that 65% of the sample regularly participate in team sports activities, with football being the most popular activity. The results also indicated that the average overall emotional intelligence score among participants was significantly higher than among non-participants, with statistically significant differences in most dimensions, particularly empathy and social skills. However, no significant differences were found in the self-awareness dimension. The study concluded that participation in team sports activities is a significant factor in enhancing emotional intelligence among university students, highlighting the importance of integrating these activities into university programs as an educational and psychological tool to support personal and social development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Team Sports Participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Empathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: University Students
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Abu Ajila Abdullah Al-Zarouq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 186
ending page: 201
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.73

An Integrative Approach of K-Means Algorithm and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for Hand Fracture Classification: An Applied Study on Local Clinical Data
type: item
description: Accurate diagnosis of bone fractures in radiographic images presents a central challenge in emergency departments due to the anatomical complexity of hand bones and the potential for human error resulting from fatigue. This study aims to develop an advanced hybrid system based on integrating unsupervised learning techniques with deep neural networks to enhance the efficiency of automated classification of X-ray images. The proposed methodology employed the K-Means algorithm to perform image segmentation and extract detailed structural features, followed by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to classify the images into two categories (healthy, fractured). The study was distinguished by using a real-world database collected from the radiology department archive at Yefren General Hospital in Libya, giving the research an applied character that goes beyond ideal laboratory data. The results showed a notable superiority of the proposed hybrid model, achieving high levels of accuracy and specificity compared to traditional models. This indicates the system's potential to function as a reliable clinical decision-support tool, assisting non-specialist doctors in remote areas and reducing the workload in busy medical centers. The study concludes that the integration of clustering and deep learning provides a robust diagnostic mechanism capable of handling the complexities of real-world medical images.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Means Algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: X-ray Images
  topic: keywords
subject: Hand Fractures
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Image Processing
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical Decision Support
  topic: keywords
creator: Alsadeg Altaher salem Alhamaly
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-24
publication date: 2026-01-24
starting page: 173
ending page: 185
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.72

The Impact of Climate Change on Ponicum Production and Its Mitigation Strategies
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on the productivity of Panicum grass (Panicum maximum) as a forage crop in Libya, in light of the accelerating global rise in temperatures, fluctuations in rainfall patterns, and the increasing frequency of drought events. The study adopted a descriptive–analytical approach, relying on climatic and agricultural data, international reports, and local field experience in cultivating Panicum grass in southern Libya The results showed that climate change has a direct impact on the growth and productivity of Panicum maximum, particularly during periods of heat stress and water scarcity, despite the crop’s relatively high tolerance compared to other forage crops. The study also indicated that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may contribute to improving photosynthetic efficiency, partially mitigating the negative effects of climate change The study concludes that adopting climate-adaptive agricultural strategies is essential, including the use of modern irrigation techniques, improving soil fertility, and selecting heat- and drought-tolerant varieties. These measures contribute to enhancing the sustainability of forage production and achieving food security under rapidly changing climatic conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: Panicum maximum
  topic: keywords
subject: Forage production
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Heat stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Water resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Food security
  topic: keywords
creator: Salih Ali Mohamed Bracaw
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-23
publication date: 2026-01-23
starting page: 161
ending page: 172
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.71

Comparative Study on the Tensile Properties of Thermoplastic Corn Starch Films Reinforced with Cornhusk and Stalk Fillers
type: item
description: With rising concerns regarding non-biodegradable waste in today's environment, there has been growing interest in naturally available fiber-reinforced bio composites, especially those derived from agro-waste resources. In this regard, this study presents a comparative evaluation of the tensile properties of thermoplastic corn starch (TPS) films reinforced with two types of filler materials obtained from corn: Corn Husk (CHF) and Corn Stalk (CSF). Bio composite films were developed by solution-casting using fructose as a plasticizer, with 2% to 8% fiber content. Results indicate distinct reinforcing behaviors between these two types of filler materials. In contrast to composites reinforced with CHF, a higher tensile modulus of the films reinforced with CSF can be due to the rigid nature of the stalk fibers. At the same time, however, higher brittleness and lower elongation at break of the CSF-reinforced films suggest that despite rigidity, there is a reduction in flexibility. CHF-reinforced films tended to have better tensile strength and higher elongation at break values, which would demonstrate higher flexibility than CSF-reinforced films. Based on 8% CHF content, films achieved an optimal balance between tensile strength and flexibility. Thus, from an efficiency standpoint, it can be concluded that Corn Husk is more suitable than Corn Stalk for creating flexible and environmentally friendly food packaging materials.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tensile Properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Bio composites
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermoplastic Starch
  topic: keywords
subject: Interfacial Adhesion
  topic: keywords
subject: Corn Husk/Stalk
  topic: keywords
subject: Fracture Behavior
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Edhirej
creator: Mohamed Fargani
creator: Mohammed Hepa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 156
ending page: 160
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.70

Health Planning in Controlling Infectious Diseases in Hospitals in the City of Tripoli
type: item
description: The problem addressed in this scientific paper lies in the weakness of health planning in hospitals in the city of Tripoli, which has led to difficulties in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, a shortage of qualified personnel, weak coordination between health and media institutions, and an excessive reliance on curative services at the expense of preventive measures. The problem was addressed by distributing a questionnaire to hospital staff to assess the role of health planning in limiting the spread of infectious diseases, the level of coordination between health and media institutions, and the effectiveness of preventive plans. The results showed that 90% of participants believe that health planning contributes to controlling infectious diseases, while 96.7% indicated that the shortage of qualified personnel weakens the implementation of preventive programs. In addition, 46.7% confirmed the existence of coordination between health and media institutions, whereas 80% believed that reliance solely on curative services increases the spread of diseases. Moreover, 68.3% reported the absence of periodic evaluation of preventive plans. The importance of this paper lies in enhancing the capacity of hospitals in Tripoli to effectively control infectious diseases, supporting the implementation of preventive programs through improving staff qualifications, strengthening coordination between health and media institutions, reducing reliance on curative care alone, and emphasizing the necessity of continuous evaluation and follow-up of preventive plans to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health planning
  topic: keywords
subject: control of infectious diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: qualified health personnel
  topic: keywords
subject: prevention and health evaluation
  topic: keywords
creator: Tariq Muftah Ammar Mohammed
creator: Marwa Rajab Salem Ammar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 135
ending page: 155
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.69

The Provisions of the Accused's Confession
type: item
description: This study includes what is related to recognition, whether by a comprehensive explanation of its concept, types, and the nature of the law, as well as the conditions set for it, as well as the authority before which it is issued, as well as its forms, and its sections, as this study included a detail of the explicit of the confession, and that what distinguishes this is its issuance of a free will, and away from any kind of coercion, whether material or moral, and the study included a topic of great importance with regard to the court's authority to make a confession, that it relies on a confession. The accused at any stage of the investigation until he is reassured, and the confession may be excluded, under specific conditions, and it may be annulled under the conditions specified by the law
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: Proof
  topic: keywords
subject: Accused
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal
  topic: keywords
subject: Nullity
  topic: keywords
subject: Coercion-Free Will
  topic: keywords
subject: Discretion
  topic: keywords
subject: Threat
  topic: keywords
subject: Influence
  topic: keywords
subject: Silence
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Faraj Muhammad Al-Tayeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-18
publication date: 2026-01-18
starting page: 116
ending page: 134
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v2i1.68

The Legal Legitimacy of the Accused's Right to Defend themselves and to be Assisted by a Lawyer During Interrogation
type: item
description: The subject of this research is summarized in that it discusses the right of the accused to defend himself during interrogation, and shows the nullity of infringing on this right in any way, and the legal link between the right of defense and the right of accusation has been dealt with, and it has become clear that the right of defense is not only the right of the accused, but it is a right that includes the whole society, and that a balance must be achieved between the rights of defense and accusation, and the right of the accused to seek the assistance of a lawyer during interrogation has also been exposed, and it has been found that this right includes The fact is that the defendant has special guarantees represented in his right to contact his lawyer and test, as well as to provide him with a guarantee that the accused will be present for questioning in felonies and misdemeanors, as well as from reviewing the investigation report himself or through his lawyer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Assistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Interrogation
  topic: keywords
subject: Right to defense
  topic: keywords
subject: Accusation
  topic: keywords
subject: Guarantee
  topic: keywords
subject: Lawyer
  topic: keywords
subject: Investigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal relationship
  topic: keywords
creator: Faraj Muhammad Al-Taye
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 485
ending page: 500
doi: 10.65421/jshd.v1i2.65