Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions
The Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions (JSHD) (ISSN: 3106-1702) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Alqala Aljadida University in Libya. The journal's official website is: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/index With a commitment to promoting and disseminating high-quality research, JSHD publishes four issues annually. The journal covers a wide range of disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, and applied sciences. Vision: To be a leading platform for scientific and humanistic research, fostering intellectual discourse and contributing to knowledge advancement. Mission: To provide a rigorous and efficient peer-review process for original research, reviews, and scholarly articles from diverse academic fields, ensuring accessibility and visibility for all published work. Objectives: To publish high-impact, original research. To support researchers by providing an open-access platform. To serve as a bridge between various scientific and humanistic disciplines. Contact Information: Email: jshd.publishing@gmail.com WhatsApp: +218927648287 Website: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/index
The Impact of Mother Tongue Interference on English Language Learning among Libyan EFL Students at Zawia University
Second language learning is a complex process influenced by several linguistic, cognitive, and social factors. Among these factors, the learners’ mother tongue plays a significant role in shaping their performance in the target language. The present study investigates the influence of the mother tongue on learning and speaking English as a second language among sixth-semester students in the Department of English at Zawia University. Specifically, the research examines the extent to which first-language interference affects learners’ pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary acquisition, and sentence construction. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to twenty-two English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine the frequency and percentage of students’ responses. The findings indicate that mother tongue interference has a noticeable impact on students’ English language learning. The participants reported considerable difficulties in pronunciation, grammatical structures, vocabulary learning, and word order, mainly due to differences between Arabic and English. The results also demonstrate that cultural differences and limited confidence in communication contribute to learners’ reliance on their native language during English language use. The study concludes that first-language interference remains one of the major challenges facing Libyan EFL learners. It recommends that English language teachers adopt instructional strategies that reduce negative language transfer while encouraging greater exposure to authentic English communication in order to improve learners’ linguistic competence
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Assessing the Environmental Impact of Traffic Signal Optimization: CO₂ Emission Reduction Potential at a Signalized Intersection in Tobruk, Libya
Urban intersections in developing cities contribute significantly to vehicular CO₂ emissions due to inefficient traffic signal timing. This study investigates the environmental benefits of optimizing traffic signal coordination at a congested intersection in Tobruk, Libya, using SIDRA Intersection 5 software. Field data were collected during morning (7:30–8:30 AM) and evening (1:30–2:30 PM) peak hours via video recording and manual counting. Three signal timing scenarios were evaluated: (1) existing fixed-time operation, (2) coordinated fixed-time, and (3) coordinated actuated control. Environmental performance was assessed based on estimated CO₂ emissions, alongside operational indicators such as average delay, travel speed, and fuel consumption. Results show that the coordinated actuated scenario reduces CO₂ emissions by approximately 27–34% compared to the existing condition, while also improving average travel speed by 25% and reducing delay by 30%. The study concludes that signal coordination offers a low-cost, high-impact strategy for mitigating environmental externalities in mid-sized cities. Recommendations include adopting actuated control systems and integrating environmental metrics into traffic management policies in Libya.
Growth and Morphological Evolution of Porous Anodic Alumina via Two-Step Anodization in 0.3 M Oxalic Acid
Porous anodic alumina (PAA) films were fabricated via a two-step anodization process in 0.3 M oxalic acid at 40 V. This study systematically investigates the effect of anodization duration on the morphology, pore diameter, surface roughness, and crystallographic texture of PAA using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the Harris equation. Results demonstrate that increasing anodization time from 30 min to 4 h facilitates the formation of highly ordered hexagonal pore arrays. Specifically, the mean pore diameter increased from 45 ± 6 nm to 72 ± 4 nm, while surface roughness (Ra) decreased from 8.3 nm to 4.1 nm. Furthermore, the texture coefficient TC(111) increased from 2.1 to 9.0, indicating a strong preferred orientation. The sample anodized for 4 h exhibited optimal self-ordered morphology with straight pore channels and minimal structural defects. These findings confirm that anodization time is a critical parameter for achieving steady-state growth, providing quantitative guidelines for the fabrication of high-quality templates for nanophotonic and sensing applications
The Nature of Globalized Capitalism and The Consolidation of The Idea of Hegemony and Dependency
Globalization is considered the most advanced stage of the capitalist system, as it seeks to expand global markets, increase profits, and remove barriers that restrict the movement of capital, goods, and multinational corporations. Scientific and technological development has played a major role in strengthening the global dominance of capitalism, leading to the restructuring of the world economy and increasing the influence of multinational corporations at the expense of nation-states. Globalization has also been associated with the spread of consumer culture and economic liberalism, promoting a global cultural model through media and technology. This has led many scholars to view globalization as a form of cultural imperialism that threatens the cultural uniqueness and national identities of societies. Furthermore, globalization poses significant challenges to cultural identity by weakening local and national affiliations in favor of global cultural patterns. However, many researchers argue that preserving identity does not require rejecting globalization; rather, it requires engaging with it critically while maintaining cultural and national values and embracing shared human values, thereby achieving a balance between preserving cultural authenticity and remaining open to the world.
Standards And Strategies For Radiation Suppression In Modern Power Electronic Systems
With the growing trend of high-frequency power electronic converters in industrial automation, electric vehicles, renewable energy systems and smart grid applications electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues have raised significantly. The fast switching transitions from modern semiconductor devices results in radiated electromagnetic emissions that can affect the quality of communication systems, control electronics, sensors and adjacent equipment. Radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become an increasingly important issue that limits system reliability, safety, and compliance due to converter structures becoming smaller and switching frequencies rising constantly. The paper presents a study on the primary sources and propagation mechanisms of radiated emissions in power electronic systems focused in modern converter and current international standards for electromagnetic radiation. In this research, procedures for measuring and testing overriding emission are deeply surveyed, practical beat radiation measures along with grounding and binding methods, shielded enclosures, small loop areas and optimized designs converter middle are explained. In addition, recent research advances and industrial applications are discussed to evaluate the feasibility of these mitigation techniques. Finally, we will discuss issues related to wide-bandgap semiconductor technologies and new approaches for radiation suppression that accompany these emerging paradigms. The findings reveal that radiation control efficacy necessitates a holistic design process effectively implementing regulatory compliance, electromagnetic characterization and circuit optimization, coupled with cutting-edge mitigation strategies.
The Origins and Development of the Libyan and Egyptian Diplomatic Corps: A Comparative Study
This research examines the origin and development of the diplomatic corps law in Libya and the Arab Republic of Egypt through a comparative legal study. The study aims to analyze the historical and legislative evolution of the legal framework governing diplomatic service in both countries. It reviews the development of the Libyan diplomatic corps from the period following Libya’s independence, beginning with Law No. 16 of 1959 concerning the Diplomatic and Consular Corps and later Law No. 2 of 2001 regulating political and consular affairs. It also examines the evolution of the Egyptian diplomatic corps from its early legislative framework to Law No. 45 of 1982 and its subsequent amendments. The research analyzes the legal provisions governing appointment, promotion, seniority, duties, powers, and the organization of diplomatic and consular missions. Furthermore, it evaluates the extent to which both legal systems comply with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961. The study adopts descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodologies to identify the similarities and differences between the Libyan and Egyptian legal systems and to assess the strengths and shortcomings of each. The findings indicate that both legal frameworks have experienced significant legislative development in response to international and domestic changes. However, the Egyptian legal system has demonstrated greater legislative stability, whereas the Libyan system has undergone successive reforms reflecting political and administrative transformations. The study concludes with several findings and recommendations aimed at strengthening diplomatic legislation, improving the efficiency of diplomatic institutions, and enhancing the protection of national interests within the framework of international relations.
Analysis of Historical and Legislative Development
Problems Facing Kindergartens in the City of Zliten from the Perspective of Kindergarten Teachers
This study aims to identify the key challenges facing kindergartens from the perspective of preschool teachers. Employing a descriptive approach to analyze the data, the study sampled 175 randomly selected teachers across the city of Zliten. The findings indicate that, from the teachers' viewpoint, these institutions do not suffer from any notable administrative issues. Instead, the real struggles lie in poor infrastructure and a shortage of educational tools and equipment. Additionally, teachers face difficulties managing certain behaviors from both the children and their parents. Financial constraints also emerged as a major barrier hindering growth and institutional goals, driven primarily by low teacher salaries, lack of incentives, and budgets that fall short of covering basic needs.
Global Influences and Future Prospects of Egyptian-Libyan Relations
This study is primarily concerned with examining the impact of changes in the international system on the foreign policy of Arab states, focusing mainly on addressing the nature of these changes and their various dimensions, while applying the impact of these changes to some important issues of foreign policy of Arab states, such as Egypt’s relationship with Libya. The study concluded that there is a militia crisis that all authorities that have ruled Libya have been unable to deal with. There is global interest in what is happening in western Libya due to its proximity to Europe, an interest that became evident after the militias seized control of Tripoli airport. The study recommended the importance of focusing on attracting foreign investment and developing trade cooperation with other countries, i.e., developing national security strategies along with setting comprehensive policies to confront security threats and terrorism, including regional and international cooperation
The Impact of Training Programs on Employee Performance A Field Study on the Al-Asaba Financial Services Directorate
This study aimed to investigate the impact of training programs on employee performance at the Al-Asabaa Financial Services Office. To achieve the objectives of the study, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted. A validated questionnaire was designed as the primary instrument for collecting data and was distributed to employees of the Al-Asabaa Financial Services Office. The findings revealed that the cognitive dimension had a statistically significant effect on improving employee performance, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 27.2%. The creative dimension also demonstrated a statistically significant effect, explaining 31.3% of the variance in employee performance. Furthermore, the productive dimension showed the strongest statistically significant effect, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 38.5%. Based on these findings, the study recommends placing greater emphasis on training programs that enhance the productive dimension, as it exhibited the greatest impact on improving employee performance. It also recommends encouraging employees to actively participate in training programs by providing appropriate incentives, thereby contributing to higher levels of performance and organizational effectiveness.
Monitoring of Financial Services Al-Asabaa
Mechanisms for Activating University Social Service Offices to Address Emerging Problems Among University Students: An Analytical Study
This study aimed to analyze the mechanisms for activating university social work offices to address emerging problems among university youth. The study was conducted in light of the rapid social, cultural, economic, and technological changes affecting university life and students’ needs. It was based on the assumption that the mere administrative existence of social work offices within universities does not necessarily guarantee their effectiveness unless they are professionally and organizationally activated in accordance with the nature of contemporary student problems. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method by analyzing literature and references related to university social work, youth welfare, and emerging social problems. It discussed the concept, importance, and professional roles of university social work offices. It also analyzed the most prominent emerging problems facing university youth, such as digital addiction, cyberbullying, social isolation, anxiety about the future, weak student participation, disturbed social relationships, and weak university belonging. The study concluded that activating university social work offices requires a set of organizational, professional, preventive, therapeutic, and developmental mechanisms. These include clearly defining the office’s responsibilities, providing qualified professional staff, implementing awareness and counseling programs, establishing a database of students’ problems, and strengthening coordination between the social work office, university administration, faculty members, families, and relevant community institutions. The study also emphasized that the effective activation of these offices can contribute to supporting university students, enhancing their social, psychological, and academic adjustment, and strengthening the university’s educational and social role..
Sultan Alp Arslan and His Impact on Expanding the Seljuk Empire and Consolidating Its Dominance in the Islamic World
This research examines the life of Alp Arslan (455-465 AH / 1063-1072 CE), the second sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire, and his role in consolidating the foundations of the state and expanding its influence in the Islamic world. The research reviews Alp Arslan's upbringing and the political conditions that preceded his ascension to power. It then explores his domestic policies, focusing on administrative organization, strengthening security and stability, and the role of his vizier, Nizam al-Mulk, in managing state affairs. Furthermore, it examines Alp Arslan's military policies and his conquests in the Levant, Armenia, and Anatolia, with a particular emphasis on the Battle of Manzikert in 463 AH / 1071 CE. The study analyzes the battle's political, military, and cultural consequences, which significantly weakened Byzantine influence and paved the way for the establishment of Muslim Turks in Anatolia. The research concludes that Alp Arslan was one of the most prominent Seljuk sultans, and that his effective administration and military prowess contributed to strengthening the Seljuk state's position and consolidating its influence in the Islamic world.
Assessing Medical Translation Competence and Needs: A Case Study of Medical Students at Sebha University
In Arabic-speaking medical contexts, the reliance on English-language literature creates a critical need for accurate English-to-Arabic translation skills. However, undergraduate medical curricula in Libya often lack formal translation training, potentially compromising patient safety and academic comprehension. This study attempts to examine medical translation challenges among medical students studying with English. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 44 (22 females and 22 males) medical students at Sebha University using a stratified random sampling method. Data were collected via a self-administered online questionnaire assessing demographics, translation frequency, perceived competencies, and challenges. While 47.7% of participants possessed native-level Arabic proficiency, 59.1% reported only intermediate English proficiency, with none achieving native-like fluency. Translation demands were high, with 40.9% of students translating materials daily, primarily textbooks and journal articles (40.9%) for personal understanding. The primary challenge identified was locating accurate Arabic equivalents for medical terminology (moderate to high difficulty for 61.4%). The most significant fear regarding inaccurate translation was potential patient harm (50%). Medical students at Sebha University engage frequently in translation but lack the necessary linguistic proficiency and resources to do so with high accuracy. There is a pressing need to integrate specialized medical translation courses into the curriculum and develop standardized bilingual medical resources
Judicial Oversight of the Administrative Court over the Appropriateness of Expropriation Decisions for Public Benefit
This study examines the administrative judiciary’s oversight of expropriation decisions for public benefit. Although property ownership is legally protected in most legal systems, the State may, in certain cases, expropriate private property to serve the public interest. Such actions, however, must not be arbitrary or abusive. To safeguard property rights, the legislator empowers the administrative judiciary to review and monitor the legality and appropriateness of expropriation decisions. The research emphasizes that the authority to expropriate is not absolute; it must be exercised strictly within the limits of achieving genuine public benefit. Moreover, administrative bodies are required to ensure a balance between the harm resulting from depriving individuals of their property and the benefits derived from the expropriation. The study concludes that effective judicial oversight is essential to prevent misuse of administrative power and to uphold justice and fairness in the implementation of public benefit projects
Performance Analysis and Evaluation of Disk Scheduling Algorithms in Operating Systems
Optimal management of hardware resources is a critical cornerstone of modern operating system design. The efficiency of secondary storage systems, particularly Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), directly influences overall system performance, heavily relying on key metrics such as access time and data transfer bandwidth. In contemporary multiprogramming environments, multiple Input/Output (I/O) requests simultaneously pool in the system memory. When the disk drive is occupied, a specialized scheduling mechanism is required to structure and manage the request queue effectively. This paper presents a comprehensive analytical and comparative study on the dynamic performance of six prominent disk scheduling algorithms: First-Come, First-Served (FCFS), Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF), SCAN, Circular SCAN (C-SCAN), LOOK, and Circular LOOK (C-LOOK). The methodology relies on evaluating performance efficiency by calculating the total head movement (measured in tracks). The quantitative results reveal significant variations in seek optimization and response times, providing developers and system architects with distinct benchmarks to select the optimal algorithm based on system workloads and operational requirements
The Degree of Use of Artificial Intelligence Applications by Heads of Academic Departments and Office Directors and Their Impact on the Quality of Administrative Decision-Making: A Field Study at the Faculty of Education, Qasr Bin Ghashir, University of T
This study aimed to investigate the impact of using Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications on the quality of administrative decision-making among heads of academic departments and office managers at the Faculty of Education, Qasr Bin Ghashir. It also sought to examine the nature of the relationship between the use of AI applications and the quality of administrative decisions, identify differences in the responses of the study sample according to gender, academic qualification, years of administrative experience, and AI training, and identify the major challenges facing the implementation of AI applications in administrative work. The study adopted the descriptive correlational approach. A questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument and was administered to all heads of academic departments and office managers at the Faculty of Education, Qasr Bin Ghashir using the comprehensive survey method. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques. The findings revealed that the level of AI application usage was moderate, whereas the quality of administrative decisions was high. The results also indicated a statistically significant positive correlation of moderate strength between the use of AI applications and the quality of administrative decision-making, suggesting that increased use of AI applications contributes to improving decision quality. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found according to gender in favor of females, while no statistically significant differences were found with respect to academic qualification, years of administrative experience, or AI training. The study also showed that respondents face considerable challenges limiting the wider adoption of AI applications, most notably ethical concerns, limited technological and financial resources, and a shortage of qualified technical personnel. In light of these findings, the study recommends promoting the adoption of AI applications in the administrative functions of higher education institutions, providing the necessary technological infrastructure, implementing specialized training programs, and developing policies that ensure the safe and ethical use of AI applications, thereby enhancing the quality of administrative decision-making and improving institutional performance.
Quality of Administrative Decision-Making
The role of the social worker in developing self-confidence, loyalty, and belonging among kindergarten children: A study applied to some kindergartens in Tripoli
The current study aimed to reveal the social worker's contribution to developing children's feelings of self-confidence, belonging, and loyalty within kindergarten, to identify the level of self-confidence, belonging, and loyalty among kindergarten children, and to uncover obstacles that may limit the effectiveness of the social worker's role in this area. The study also aimed to present a set of proposals and recommendations that contribute to activating the role of the social worker and strengthening these values among children, in this study, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach, using an observation form directed at children, which was filled out by social workers and psychologists prepared by the researcher. It included (30) statements distributed across (3) axes, which are (self-confidence - sense of belonging - sense of loyalty). The form was filled out by the specialists, with an open question related to the obstacles that specialists face in performing their roles with kindergarten children, which they will answer. The study was applied to a sample that included (40) kindergarten children, who were selected by way of a comprehensive survey from three kindergartens affiliated with the Kindergarten Department of the Ministry of Education in the Libyan government, namely (Omar Al-Mukhtar Kindergarten, 13 children), (Arous Tripoli Kindergarten, 13 children), and (Al-Amal Al-Mushriq Kindergarten, 14 children). A sample of (15) social workers and psychologists working in the same kindergartens was selected to answer the open question regarding the obstacles that specialists face in performing their roles with kindergarten children. The results of the current study confirm the importance of strengthening and activating the educational and social programs and activities organized by the social worker in kindergartens, due to their significant impact on the positive development of the child’s personality and stimulating their sense of belonging, loyalty, and cooperation with their peers. The need to continuously coordinate training and educational programs for social and psychological specialists on educational, social, and constructive activities and methods that deal with kindergarten children, and to conduct in-depth studies and research on the role of the social worker in developing the emotional, social, and psychological aspects of children in kindergartens.
Disciplinary Provisions for Seconded and Loaned Employees under Libyan Law
Disciplinary sanctions serve as a mechanism for the administration to ensure the regular and continuous operation of public services by its employees; as such, they are administrative in nature. Furthermore, disciplinary sanctions function as negative incentives within the civil service, incorporating elements of deterrence and reprimand. A penalty that compels an employee to fear repeating a mistake—thereby avoiding further punishment—acts as an incentive to refrain from errors and violations; thus, the disciplinary sanction serves a deterrent function aimed at curbing any workplace misconduct. Consequently, disciplinary sanctions possess an employment-related character in addition to their administrative nature. Above all, they are legal sanctions that can only be established or imposed pursuant to a provision in a law or regulation. Employees may also undergo certain changes in status during their service, such as transfer, secondment, or loan. We will focus our study on the disciplinary provisions applicable to seconded and loaned employees under Libyan law, dividing the study into three sections as follows: Section One: Conceptual Framework. Section Two: Disciplinary Authorities for Seconded and Loaned Employees. Section Three: Legal Characterization of Disciplinary Board Decisions Regarding Seconded and Loaned Employees under Libyan Legislation.
Neural-Network Load Forecasting and PV-Supported Planning of the Bab Al-Azizia 30-kV Network for 2026-2031
This research paper proposes a neural network-based method using MATLAB to predict the annual peak load for the 30 kV electricity distribution network in the Bab Al-Aziziya loop from 2026 to 2031, along with the use of photovoltaic energy to enhance network efficiency. The study data shows an annual load growth rate requiring compensation to keep the network operational until 2030, followed by operational disruptions in 2031 affecting the 220/30 kV main transformer, the 30/11 kV backup transformer, and the 30 kV Al-Farnaj distribution bus. A feedforward neural network was developed using MATLAB to predict the annual peak load, and the prediction accuracy was evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean percentage absolute error (MAPE). The peak electricity load is projected to increase from 126,276 MW in 2026 to 185,541 MW in 2031, underscoring the need to strengthen the electricity grid to meet future demand growth. To mitigate operational constraints, a support plan for photovoltaic power generation is being evaluated using current energy flow calculations. Before the photovoltaic system was connected to the grid, energy consumption was 185,541 MW; after connection, energy consumption decreased to 148,370 MW, equivalent to 37,171 MW of subsidized electricity from the photovoltaic system, representing a 20.03% reduction in energy consumption. Furthermore, the minimum distribution bus voltage increased from 94.89% to 97.35%, eliminating the overvoltage issue observed in the distribution bus in the Furnaj area. The results show that combining neural network-based load prediction with strategically placed photovoltaic power generation can provide an effective planning tool to improve voltage characteristics, reduce network load, and enhance the operational flexibility of medium-voltage distribution networks.
Assessment of Infection Control and Occupational Safety Procedures at Blood Bank in Zliten Medical Center
This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate infection control and occupational safety procedures among the technical staff at the Blood Bank in Zliten Medical Central. The study sample included all engineers and technicians at the facility (N = 60). Data were collected using standardized questionnaires and administrative checklists designed to assess training, preventive measures, and operational policies. The results showed a stark contrast. Indicators revealed a complete absence (100%) of orientation and training programs for new employees, and a total lack of records documenting occupational exposure incidents or written policies for post-exposure procedures. A severe shortage (100%) of basic personal protective equipment, such as medical gloves, goggles, and filter masks, was also found. Conversely, the study recorded excellent technical compliance (100%) in re-examining and confirming samples that initially tested positive, with an 85% vaccination rate against blood borne viruses. Inferential analyses using the chi-square test (χ²) demonstrated that the decision to continue dispensing blood at a rate of 80% when testing reagents were scarce (p = 0.067) is a general operational behavior dictated by the critical medical nature and the pressure of need within the municipality. Meanwhile, the lack of vaccinations was biologically associated with new employees (p = 0.028). The study concludes that urgent intervention from health authorities is necessary to provide protective equipment and activate infection control committees and written policies to ensure the safety and well-being of medical staff and patients.
The Role of Clinical Nutrition Specialists in Improving Dietary Adherence and Patient Outcomes among Individuals with Celiac Disease: Patients’ Perspectives from Al-Marj Medical Educational Center, Libya
Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder requiring lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Clinical nutrition specialists play a crucial role in supporting patients’ dietary adherence and improving health outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of clinical nutrition specialists in improving dietary adherence and patient outcomes among individuals with celiac disease from patients’ perspectives at Al-Marj Medical Educational Center, Libya. Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was conducted on a random sample of 100 patients diagnosed with celiac disease. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering awareness, dietary behavior, nutritional counseling, and patient satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Results: The findings indicated a high level of patient awareness regarding the importance of a gluten-free diet. Participants reported a high level of satisfaction with clinical nutrition services, particularly in relation to nutritional counseling, individualized dietary planning, and continuous follow-up. Regular follow-up with clinical nutrition specialists was perceived to be associated with improved health outcomes and better dietary adherence. Economic, social, and psychological factors were identified as the main barriers to long-term adherence. Conclusion: Clinical nutrition specialists play a fundamental role in improving dietary adherence, patient education, and quality of life among individuals with celiac disease. Strengthening nutritional counseling services and addressing socioeconomic barriers are essential for optimal disease management.
Endowments in Islamic Law and their Impact on the Care of People with Special Needs
The research aims to clarify the status and importance of endowment work in Islamic law, and to highlight endowment efforts that would contribute to the advancement of people with special needs in various fields, including education, health, recreation, and innovation of programs through which they can be integrated into society. The concept of endowment work. The research concluded that Islamic endowment is of great importance in social solidarity, especially with regard to people with special needs, that it is one of the most important financial resources in the success of development projects, and that continuous support for people with special needs, especially in the scientific aspect, makes them creative and distinguished at all levels.
The Spatial Distribution of Health Services in the Al-Asaba Area
The spatial distribution of healthcare services is considered one of the most significant indicators reflecting the level of urban development and the extent of governmental commitment to meeting the needs of populations across different geographical areas. Geographical literature indicates that imbalances in this distribution lead to what is known as the “service gap,” which refers to the actual distance between the location where a service is provided and the location where the target population resides. This issue assumes particular importance in mountainous and rugged regions, where geographical constraints interact with administrative planning factors to produce unequal patterns of access to essential healthcare services.
An Exploratory Study of the Ethical Challenges and Infrastructure Constraints in AI Integration in Libyan Higher Education
Artificial intelligence is driving a fundamental structural change, yet Libyan academia frequently misreads this upheaval as a simple software upgrade, chasing efficiency while side-stepping the severe ethical fallout. By examining the national institutional grid, this review exposes a volatile dynamic. A growing demand for digitisation is colliding with decaying physical infrastructure and a significant lack of in regulatory policy. The unchecked saturation of AI tools across student populations actively accelerates systemic institutional decay. Deployed without strict oversight, these systems erode academic integrity, normalise mass surveillance, and allow opaque, Western-centric biases to infiltrate core assessments. Forcing these hyper-optimised global models into a recovering post-conflict environment engineers a modern intellectual dependency. Local epistemologies are immediately marginalised, effectively drowned out by foreign algorithms completely blind to regional cultural nuances. Moving beyond purely descriptive critiques, this study engineers a multi-stage integration architecture tailored to bypass existing administrative blockades. The proposed blueprint demands that digital adoption be firmly anchored within indigenous philosophical frameworks, enforcing strict moral accountability. If institutions hope to survive this rapid technological transition and secure true intellectual sovereignty, they must rapidly execute a culturally resilient computational strategy.
Factors Affecting the Application of The Principle of Tax Fairness
. The principle of tax justice is considered one of the most important topics discussed in financial law books، as it is the foundation upon which the tax system is built. Achieving tax justice requires following a set of principles and foundations، starting with linking the tax to the tax base on which it is imposed، distributing burdens، and granting tax exemptions fairly and equitably among taxpayers، without compromising the social and economic circumstances of the tax payers، and ending with collection methods .
Libyan Foreign Policy amid Contemporary Geopolitical Transformations: Challenges to the Reconstruction of Libya’s Regional and International Role
This study aims to analyze Libyan foreign policy in light of current geopolitical shifts and to demonstrate the extent to which these shifts impact efforts to rebuild Libya's regional and international role. The study is based on the premise that Libya's ability to regain its regional and international standing is largely dependent on its success in achieving internal political and institutional stability and its capacity to engage positively with the geopolitical changes occurring in the regional and international environment. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on role theory as a theoretical framework for explaining state behavior. It examines the internal and external determinants of Libyan foreign policy and discusses the most prominent geopolitical shifts in the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Sahel-Saharan region and their implications for Libyan foreign policy orientations. The findings also reveal that Libya's unique geopolitical location and its natural and strategic resources present a significant opportunity to enhance its regional and international standing if these are utilized within a clear strategic vision and effective state institutions. The study concluded that rebuilding Libya's regional and international role requires adopting a more effective and flexible foreign policy based on strengthening internal stability, developing institutional and diplomatic performance, and leveraging current geopolitical shifts to serve Libyan national interests and enhance its presence in its regional and international environment.
The Impact of Technical and Behavioral Factors on the Quality of Accounting Disclosure in Libyan Telecommunications Companies: The Regulatory Role of the Libyan Audit Bureau
This study aims to investigate the impact of technological and behavioral factors on the quality of accounting disclosure in Libyan telecommunications companies, in addition to the moderating role of the Libyan Audit Bureau in this relationship. The study is based on several conceptual frameworks, including the Open Systems Theory, Agency Theory, and Signaling Theory, as well as behavioral models such as the Expectancy Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. Data were gathered from employees working in the Libyan telecommunications sector, including Al-Madar Al-Jadeed, the Libyan International Telecommunication Company (LITC), Libyana Mobile Phone, and Libya Telecom and Technology (LTT). The collected data were analyzed using AMOS software for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and SPSS software for statistical analysis. The findings revealed a statistically significant positive impact of both technological and behavioral factors on the quality of accounting disclosure. Furthermore, the results confirmed the significant moderating role of the Libyan Audit Bureau in enhancing this relationship. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening the technological infrastructure and developing the behavioral competencies of employees involved in the accounting disclosure process.
Social Skills and Their Relationship to Mental Health Among Female Leaders in the Scout Movement
The current study aimed to uncover the impact of social skills on mental health. The study sample consisted of 33 female leaders from the Benghazi Girl Guides and Boy Scouts Commission, randomly selected from various guiding ranks. The study utilized Ronald Riggio's Social Skills Inventory (SSI), translated by Ibrahim Al-Samadoni (1991), and the Mental Health Scale developed by Kamel Al-Zubaidi and Sanaa Al-Hazza (1997). The study yielded several results, including: • Social Skills Levels: There were no statistically significant differences between the sample's arithmetic mean and the scale's hypothetical mean. This indicates that the level of social skills among the female leaders at the Benghazi Scout and Guide Commission falls within the theoretically expected level and does not fundamentally differ from it. • Mental Health Levels: The results showed that the sample members enjoy a level of mental health that statistically exceeds the theoretical mean of the scale. • Correlation: A positive correlation was found between social skills and mental health among the leaders. The results revealed a direct relationship with a moderate correlation strength between the two variables, meaning that as the leaders' social skills level increases, their mental health level rises, and vice versa. Although the correlation coefficient value is not high, it reflects a statistically significant correlation, confirming that social skills are one of the factors associated with mental health, without being the sole influencing factor. Based on these findings, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals that open new horizons for future research.
Process Analysis and Comparison of Biogas Techniques
Upgrading biogas to high energy biomethane is commonly utilized to produce substitute natural gas (SNG) where the most crucial operation is a separation of CO2from biogas, which is carried out by several technologies such as, amine scrubbing, cryogenic separation. The aim of this study, was to perform a design and optimization comparative process for upgrading section of biogas production and processing plant of the two technologies (absorption and cryogenic separation).The two technologies were examined and analyzed to assess their pros and cons in order to choose the most appropriate method to be implemented, where three aspects were chosen for the assessment: (1) process technology and product quality, (2) methane recovery and losses, (3) energy consumption and economy. The research was carried out using a package of commercial software's including, Aspen HYSYS v11, Exchanger design and rating (EDR), Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (APEA) and MS excel. The obtained results of amine process show that the total energy and power consumption in the optimized case are reduced by 73% and 11% respectively in comparison with the base case, furthermore the methane losses in the entire system were reduced by 27% and consequently the methane recovery was increased to 99,93%. Due to the implementation of heat integration process by cryogenic process, the total energy consumption in the optimized case was reduced by 44% in comparison with the base case, in the other hand, implementation of the methane recovery stage reduces the methane losses in the entire system by 76% and consequently the methane recovery in the upgraded biogas stream is increased from 85.15% to 95.91%, however, it causes slight increasing in the total power from 230.7 kW to 241.7 kW, moreover, the CO2 mole fraction in the upgraded biogas remains within the limits (<3%). Comparison between both cases shows, the energy required in the amine process is much higher than that in the cryogenic process, while the power consumption is higher in the cryogenic process than amine process, and the methane recovery in the amine process is higher than in the cryogenic process. Economic analysis shows that the amine process has a lower installation cost than the cryogenic process but higher operation cost, however, the net present cost shows a preference for the amine process over the cryogenic
A Study on Intravenous Sedation Versus Inhalation Sedation
Introduction: Anesthesia is the cornerstone of modern medical and surgical practice, playing a vital role in enabling a wide range of diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical procedures. The primary goals of anesthesia include inducing unconsciousness, relieving pain, memory loss, muscle relaxation, and maintaining physiological stability throughout the period around the surgery. With continuous advances in anesthesia drugs and monitoring techniques, the practice of anesthesia has evolved significantly, allowing for safer procedures and improved patient outcomes. Inhalation and intravenous anesthesia remain among the most widely used techniques worldwide. Aim of study: This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison between inhalation and intravenous anesthesia, focusing on their mechanisms of action, clinical applications, advantages, disadvantages, and associated side effects. By analyzing and comparing these two techniques, the research seeks to enhance understanding among anesthesiologists and contribute to improving the quality of care. Methodology: This study utilized a descriptive-analytical approach. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 60 anesthesia practitioners working in hospitals in Misrata. The methodology focused on analyzing demographic variables, clinical practices, and pharmacological choices among the participants to evaluate the preferences and protocols used in different surgical scenarios. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire covering clinical practices and drug evaluations during the period from December 2025 to February 2026. Results: The results showed different preferences based on the clinical situation: short surgeries (less than 30 minutes): 45% of participants prefer intravenous anesthesia. Long surgeries (more than 3 hours): 55%prefer the combination of intravenous and inhalation anesthesia. Pediatric surgery: 31.7% prefer the combination of the two types, while 30%prefer inhaled anesthesia alone. Reasons for preference for intravenous anesthesia: “speed of initiation” was the main reason for 55% of participants. Reasons for preferring inhalation anesthesia: 38.3% considered the "speed of waking up" to be the main advantage. The most commonly used drugs: Induction: Propofol by 90%. Analgesia: Fentanyl by 83.3%. Maintenance: Isoflurane by 58.3%. Conclusion: In conclusion, strong alignment with modern global trends, highlighted by a clear preference for Propofol-based Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) in short procedures due to its rapid onset, and a balanced combined approach for complex surgeries. Furthermore, the significant shift away from Nitrous Oxide reflects a positive clinical evolution toward safer, modern volatile agents. However, the study uncovers critical operational challenges, including a prominent gap in protocol standardization and institutional resource limitations that directly restrict drug availability.
Contemporary Jurisprudence of Marital Relations in Light of Changing Roles
This research examines the nature of the marital relationship within the family structure by defining each research term linguistically and technically. It identifies the legal responsibilities of each spouse from an Islamic perspective and highlights the gap that has emerged in contemporary Muslim households due to the distancing of Muslim families from the principles of Islamic law in the context of globalization and modernity. The research also explores the impact of these changes on Muslim families by offering effective Islamic solutions to address the crisis, thus demonstrating the importance of this topic. The research aims to: define the role of each member of the family, uphold marital rights and obligations, clarify the concept of guardianship (qawamah), and propose solutions to the problem of role reversal within the family. Several methodologies were employed in this research: inductive, analytical, and critical approaches. The research concluded that marriage in Islam is a sacred bond that safeguards the faith, protecting individuals from sins such as adultery and fornication. Furthermore, straying from Islamic law leads to the severing of bonds of affection and the destruction of marital harmony.
Globalization and Contemporary Modernity