Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions
The Journal of Scientific and Human Dimensions (JSHD) (ISSN: 3106-1702) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Alqala Aljadida University in Libya. The journal's official website is: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/index With a commitment to promoting and disseminating high-quality research, JSHD publishes four issues annually. The journal covers a wide range of disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, and applied sciences. Vision: To be a leading platform for scientific and humanistic research, fostering intellectual discourse and contributing to knowledge advancement. Mission: To provide a rigorous and efficient peer-review process for original research, reviews, and scholarly articles from diverse academic fields, ensuring accessibility and visibility for all published work. Objectives: To publish high-impact, original research. To support researchers by providing an open-access platform. To serve as a bridge between various scientific and humanistic disciplines. Contact Information: Email: jshd.publishing@gmail.com WhatsApp: +218927648287 Website: https://jshd.com.ly/index.php/jshd/en/index
Social and Entertainment Trends on Social Media Platforms and Their Repercussions on Libyan Women An Analytical Theoretical Study
This study aims to identify the most prominent trend patterns that Libyan woman engage with on social media platforms, along with the motives behind their participation in and imitation of these trends. It further seeks to analyze the social, cultural, and psychological repercussions of the trend phenomenon on women's lifestyles and value systems, and to determine the extent to which following these trends affects their self-image and self-satisfaction. The study relied on the descriptive-analytical method, drawing on a review of the literature and a content analysis of a set of trends in order to uncover their underlying meanings. The study found that the trend patterns Libyan women engage with vary between heritage-based trends, which focus on highlighting traditional rituals, preserving cultural heritage, and family occasions such as the "Al-Ala" trend and Eid-related trends; and appearance-oriented trends with a consumerist dimension that focus on physical appearance and visual display, such as the "winter" trend, according to temporal, geographic, and influencer-driven dimensions. The motives behind women's participation in and imitation of these trends were found to include the search for a safe space for psychological expression, the release of pressures, gaining social acceptance, and strengthening family cohesion. The study also revealed social, cultural, and psychological repercussions affecting women's lifestyles and value systems, manifested in a decline in the role of traditional upbringing, an erosion of family privacy, and the dominance of consumerist behavior and material ostentation. These appearance-based trends were found to have negatively affected the mental image and self-satisfaction of Libyan women, as a result of their self-evaluation becoming tied to newly emerging digital standards that heighten feelings of anxiety and undermine self-confidence.
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The Dynamic Impact of Government Spending on Money Supply in Libya during the Period (1990-2024) Using the VECM Model
An abstract is a summary of entire paper should be written in Times New Roman with font size- 10. Author can select Normal style from styles of this template. The abstract should not be more than 250 words and written in single paragraph. This electronic document is a “live” template. The abstract includes the overall purpose of the study you investigated, the basic design of the study, results of your analysis and brief summary of your interpretations and conclusion. An abstract is a summary of entire paper should be written in Times New Roman with font size- 10. Author can select Normal style from styles of this template. The abstract should not be more than 250 words and written in single paragraph. This electronic document is a “live” template. The abstract includes the overall purpose of the study you investigated, the basic design of the study, results of your analysis and brief summary of your interpretations and conclusion.
Groundwater Basin Governance in Ibb City: A Proposed Strategy Informed by the Moroccan Experience
This study aims to construct an applied framework for the governance of groundwater basins in the city of Ibb (Republic of Yemen) to enhance sustainable water security, drawing lessons and insights from the pioneering Moroccan experience and selected comparative Arab models. The study adopted a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, relying on official data issued by international organizations and local records for the period 2019–2024. The results indicate that the primary challenge of the water crisis in Ibb lies in quantity limitations, distribution mechanisms, and governance efficiency rather than water quality. The crisis is manifested in acute scarcity, with per capita share dropping to approximately 23.7 liters/day (about 8.7 m3/year, high water loss rates reaching 24.7%, and a lack of equity in service coverage, as 43% of the population falls outside official networks and 68% of the city area lacks services. On the benchmarking front, the Moroccan experience highlighted institutional success in adopting basin governance mechanisms, namely basin agencies, participatory basin councils, and management contracts. In contrast, the Algerian experience provided a warning indicator regarding the risks of relying on expanding water supply in isolation from demand management, while the Jordanian model offered best practices in water reuse (at 90%) and desalination. The study concludes that adopting a participatory basin governance model is the optimal choice for dealing with an environment characterized by weak central institutions. The Moroccan experience can be localized and adapted locally through: establishing a participatory basin council, founding a local water fund based on self-financing through nominal consumption fees, drafting a consensual local charter, and activating community monitoring mechanisms. Finally, the study presents an integrated strategy comprising five main axes, supported by a time-bound roadmap and clear performance measurement indicators to monitor implementation.
Some E-Teaching Skills and Their Relationship to Professional Competence" Among a Sample of Primary Education Teachers in Bani Walid City
The current research aims to study the relationship between e-teaching skills and professional competence among a sample of primary school teachers in the city of Bani Walid. The researcher adopted the descriptive, correlational, and analytical approach in this research, using study tools to collect the required data. An achievement test was applied to measure the cognitive aspects of e-teaching skills, and a checklist was used to measure the performance aspect of e-teaching skills, prepared by Ahmed Hamdi (2022, consisting of 50 items. The researcher also adopted the( technological innovations questionnaire prepared by Al-Ati (2016), which consists of (36) items distributed across (3) main areas, and the professional competence scale prepared by Omar Bin Abdullah Mustafa Al-Mughrabi (2008). The research was limited to a sample of (384) primary school teachers in the city of Bani Walid. The researcher reached the following conclusions: There was a high level of proficiency in the dimensions of the e-teaching skills test, as the arithmetic mean of the scale was (89.9), which is greater than the hypothetical means of (60). A positive correlation was found between e-teaching skills and technological innovations among the research sample. Similarly, a positive correlation was found between e-teaching skills and professional competence among the primary school teachers in the research sample in Bani Walid. Therefore, the researcher recommends developing all other e-teaching skills using technological innovations to increase teachers' efficiency in the field of teaching.
The most important criteria for Assuming Public Office in Egypt during the era of ancient Egyptian Civilization (An analytical and Descriptive Study in the Philosophy and history of Constitutional law)
This research examines the main conditions for holding public positions in Egypt during the era of ancient Egyptian civilization through an analytical and conceptual study within the philosophy and history of constitutional law. The study aims to reveal the intellectual and legal foundations that regulated the selection of public officials in one of the oldest political and administrative civilizations in human history. Ancient Egypt developed a highly organized administrative system based on hierarchy, specialization, and institutional organization, where assuming public offices was not merely based on authority or social status, but was connected to a set of standards reflecting the ancient Egyptian concept of state, power, and public service. The research analyzes the concept of public administration in ancient Egyptian legal and political thought and explores its relationship with principles that resemble modern constitutional concepts, such as competence, merit, responsibility, and commitment to public order. It also studies the influence of religious, ethical, and social values on determining the eligibility of individuals to assume public responsibilities, especially through the concept of"Ma'at,which represented justice, balance, truth, and social order. The study discusses the major requirements associated with holding public positions, including loyalty, competence, reputation, education, religion, nationality, age, and gender. It provides a historical and legal analysis of these conditions and their role in establishing the administrative structure of the ancient Egyptian state. Furthermore, the research highlights the contribution of ancient Egyptian civilization to the development of constitutional thought concerning public office requirements, demonstrating that principles of administrative organization and legal regulation have deep historical roots extending beyond modern constitutional systems.
Finance Management and its role in Reducing Credit Risks in Islamic Banks: A descriptive Applied study on Al-Jumhouria Bank - Tripoli Branch
Financial Management and Its Role of Tackling Credit Risk in Islamic Bank (Descriptive Study at Joumhouria Bank Tripoli Branch in Libya This research aims to find out the credit management at Joumhouria Bank Tripoli Branch in Libya, to find out the role of financial management of tackling the credit risk at Joumhouria Bank Tripoli Branch in Libya, and also to find out the obstacles and solutions of the credit management process at Joumhouria Bank Tripoli Branch in Libya. Over the past few years, Islamic banks have achieved great success and tremendous growth. They have proven themselves by having a presence in the banking and financial sector. More than 500 Islamic financial institutions worldwide, with an estimated asset volume of US$ $1 trillion, and the growing acceptance of Islamic finance, has led many countries to grant licenses to financial institutions to operate on the principles of Islamic law. The licensed institutions are spread across 75 countries, both Islamic countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Malaysia, UAE) and non-Islamic countries (Singapore and UK). The researcher concludes, regarding financial management in Islamic banks, financial management carries out various financial activities through the implementation of special technical functions such as financial analysis, project evaluation, preparation and interpretation of financial statements, budget drafts, mergers, financial reorganizations and others. It carries out also through the implementation of administrative functions such as planning, regulation, guidance, supervision that is in financial form, and by efficiently completing work enabling them to achieve their specific goals. Thereby they contributes to the achievement of the objectives of bank overall. The researcher believes that the risk is an integral part of banking, especially with high competition, technological developments, increasing volume of banking transactions and the need for large banks. Banks are now facing various banking risks that vary in severity from bank to bank, although with evaluation , good analysis and study. Therefore, managing risk from all factors can help bank success and ensure continued success in the banking market with satisfactory returns and low risk. From the result of this research, the researcher found that financing and fund governance are important aspect for the bank in all activities that impact financing or what is called capital on the commercial terms of the bank. They have a close relationship to obtain benefits, because that is the goal sought by economic institutions. The risk is one of the phenomena of banking activity, but credit risk is the most important risk that threatens the existence and continuity of banks. It is due to credit as the main pillar in banking. Islamic banking is regulated by various legal rules and controls. Credit risk management has taken on a different character. It has depended on the implementation of standard model and effective computation with prudent principles. The future of the Islamic finance industry will largely depend on how to manage some of the credit risks arising from the provision of such services.
The Impact of Lifestyle on the Immune System (WBC)
This study investigates the effect of lifestyle on the immune system
The International Coalition's Strategy to Combat ISIS
The study examines the strategy of the international coalition to combat the “ISIS” organization in its various stages, from its intervention in 2014 until the beginning of 2019, which is the stage in which it controlled the organization’s areas and dismantled its regional presence. Due to the intensification of military operations, the organization’s influence and spread were reduced and its supply points were destroyed. The organization also suffered heavy losses, and a number of its leaders were killed, others were arrested, and a large number of them fled. However, the international coalition’s military operations left behind heavy human losses, as the infrastructure and vital facilities under the organization’s control were destroyed, in addition to the fall of many civilian victims, the displacement of hundreds of thousands of residents from their homes, and large numbers of civilians were harmed as a result of those operations. Based on all these results, we must ask several questions, namely: What strategy did the countries of the international coalition follow to fight the “ISIS” organization? Was the intervention carried out by the countries of the coalition to fight terrorism a legitimate intervention? What were the motives that led to the military intervention of the international coalition against the “ISIS” organization? The study aimed to know the controls of international intervention in Syria and Iraq to combat the “ISIS” organization, to study the motives of the countries of the international coalition in Syria and Iraq, and to show the extent of the threat of the “ISIS” organization to international peace and security. The study concluded with a set of results, the most important of which was: that the success of the international coalition’s strategy in eliminating the “ISIS” organization with minimal losses was contingent on the existence of genuine and effective cooperation between Arab and Islamic countries, and required regional and international coordination in the security, intellectual, cultural and media fields. The study also concluded that the military victory over terrorist organizations remains a temporary victory unless it is accompanied by an intellectual victory that leads to drying up the ideological sources that feed extremism and terrorism and provide it with a fertile environment for reformulation and spread. Hence, the necessity of reformulating extremist concepts in a legitimate and scientifically correct manner emerges, in a way that contributes to confronting extremist thought and limiting its re-spread and redirection.
Spatial Distribution of Fuel Stations in Al-Marj City Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
The study concluded that the spatial distribution of fuel stations in Al-Marj is heterogeneous, with a relative concentration within the urban area and along major roads. The spatial analyses indicate that station locations are strongly associated with urban development and road networks. Buffer analysis revealed overlapping service areas in some central locations, while some peripheral areas showed relatively lower coverage. Kernel Density analysis identified a major high-density cluster in the central part of the city. The Nearest Neighbor Analysis produced a ratio of 1.43, indicating a statistically significant dispersed spatial pattern. The findings highlight the importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in evaluating the spatial efficiency of fuel-station distribution and supporting future planning decisions.
Women's Social Thinking and Its Relationship to Community Resilience in Facing Crises: A Field Study on a Sample of Women in Tobruk City
This study aimed to investigate the level of social thinking and community resilience among women in Tobruk City, examine the relationship between these two variables, identify differences according to selected demographic variables (age, educational level, marital status, and employment status), and determine the extent to which social thinking predicts community resilience. The study adopted a descriptive correlational research design. The sample consisted of 450 women from Tobruk City, selected using a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using the Social Thinking Scale and the Community Resilience Scale after establishing their validity and reliability through appropriate statistical procedures.\ The findings revealed that both social thinking and community resilience were at high levels among the participants. Significant differences were found in both variables according to several demographic characteristics, including age, educational level, marital status, and employment status. The results also indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between social thinking and community resilience. Furthermore, simple linear regression analysis showed that social thinking significantly predicted community resilience among women. Based on these findings, the study recommends developing educational and training programs to enhance women's social thinking, promoting their community participation, and implementing guidance programs aimed at strengthening community resilience and improving women's capacity to cope with crises and social challenges.
Secularism and Its Impact On The Individual
Secularism is a principle that separates religion from the state, leading to the exclusion of Islamic law from various aspects of life. Secularism arose as a result of religious tyranny in Europe during the Middle Ages, prompting people to seek new solutions for governance. This research discusses the reasons for the spread of secularism in the Islamic world, such as colonialism, Western education, cultural and intellectual dependence, and the press. It also highlights the negative effects of secularism on the individual and society, such as the marginalization of Islamic law, the spread of moral corruption, and the encouragement of social practices contrary to Islam. The research examines Islam's stance on secularism, clarifying that Islam does not separate religion and state but rather encompasses all aspects of life. It emphasizes that secularism contradicts Islamic doctrine, as it imposes man-made laws as an alternative to divine law, leading to a disruption of the social and moral order. Among the research recommendations are: strengthening Islamic education, establishing media outlets that promote Islam, training preachers capable of countering secularist thought, and publishing books and studies that reveal the true nature of secularism and clarify its dangers to Islamic societies.
Flexible and Sustainable Affordable Housing in Al-Qubba Municipality, Libya: An Applied Architectural-Urban Model
This study explores a flexible, sustainable, and affordable housing model for Al-Qubba, Libya, capable of responding to changing household size and needs without requiring the full construction cost at initial occupancy. A research-by-design methodology was adopted. The process combined a theoretical framework on affordability, adaptability, and incremental growth; a comparative reading of Byker in the United Kingdom, Aranya in India, and Tamansourt in Morocco; and site and program analysis. The resulting proposal includes a neighborhood plan with a hierarchy of movement, services, and public spaces, together with two dwelling types of 100 and 120 m². Both types retain a fixed, cost-intensive service core while allowing lower-complexity living zones to be modified or expanded. Design-based evaluation indicates preliminary achievement of adaptability, public–private gradation, and phased implementation criteria. However, life-cycle cost, thermal performance, constructability, and user acceptance still require quantitative validation. The study concludes that combining a fixed service core, a regular structural grid, and pre-planned expansion paths offers a practical basis for adaptable affordable housing in medium-sized Libyan cities.
Abdulbasit Abdulrhman Abdulraziq Abdulsamea
Environmental Administrative Control in Light of Algorithmic Transformation: Towards a Proposed Model of Legal Responsibility in Libyan Legislation
This research addresses an innovative legal and procedural framework to bridge existing legislative gaps within the Libyan legal system. It examines the substitution of traditional human mechanisms with "algorithmic administrative enforcement" tools—backed by surveillance cameras and smart systems—to combat the phenomenon of littering from motor vehicles in motion on public roads. The study stems from the problematic inadequacy of traditional texts (particularly Environmental Protection Law No. 15 of 2003 and the Traffic Law) in accommodating automated technologies and conferring legal authority upon their electronic citations. By adopting analytical, comparative, and Sharia-rooting (Ta'seel) methodologies, the research concludes that a shift toward proactive, preventive patterns is imperative. Furthermore, it establishes the necessity of adopting the principle of "the presumed liability of the vehicle owner" as a rebuttable legal presumption (praesumptio iuris). This approach overcomes the obstacle of pursuing the actual driver and avoids conflict with the principle of the personal nature of punishment. The study also demonstrates that this smart surveillance aligns with the objectives of Islamic Sharia (Maqasid al-Shariah) through the lenses of governance policy (Siyasah Shari'yyah), public interest (Maslahah Mursalah), and the blocking of means to harm (Sadd al-Dhara'i'). The paper concludes with precise legislative recommendations calling for the amendment of existing laws, the codification of digital notification, and the establishment of guarantees for algorithmic fairness and electronic grievance procedures
Educational Services for Basic Education in Al-Asabiah District
Educational services are among the important services that the state seeks to provide, as they contribute significantly to serving all members of society through its educational institutions. The topic of educational services for basic education in the Al-Asabaa region was selected to study and analyze the geographical distribution of schools and assess the efficiency of this service in order to identify its shortcomings. The study relied on descriptive and regional analytical approaches, as well as the quantitative approach, using statistical methods, mathematical equations, and the Spss 25program. The results of the study revealed a clear disparity in the distribution of basic education institutions in the Al-Asabaa region, with approximately 71.1% of the total institutions concentrated in three localities, while other localities suffered from a shortage in the number of these institutions. The study also showed that the average number of students served by schools was higher than the general average 1950 people per school. The study highlighted the need to establish additional schools and reducing classroom density within schools.
A Conceptual Framework for Measuring and Disclosing Digital Assets in Islamic Financial Institutions: A Maqasid al-Shariah Approach and Alignment with IAS/IFRS Standards
This study addresses a central accounting issue arising from the absence of an integrated model for the measurement and disclosure of digital assets in Islamic financial institutions, amid the fragmented treatment adopted by IAS/IFRS on the one hand and the absence of a specialized accounting standard for digital assets within the AAOIFI accounting framework on the other. The study is based on the premise that digital assets do not constitute a homogeneous accounting category and that their appropriate accounting treatment should be derived from their economic and legal nature and the purpose for which they are held. Using a descriptive-analytical approach supported by deductive reasoning, comparative analysis, and a Maqasid al-Shariah-based approach, the study examines the full accounting decision-making sequence, from the characteristics of the asset to classification, recognition, initial and subsequent measurement, presentation, and disclosure. It then compares the requirements of IAS/IFRS with those of the AAOIFI conceptual framework through an analytical matrix and incorporates a Maqasid-based dimension that links the preservation of wealth, justice, and transparency to the quality of disclosure. The study concludes with a five-dimensional conceptual model that links asset characteristics with accounting treatment quality, disclosure quality, standard-setting alignment, and Maqasid al-Shariah alignment, ultimately aiming to improve the quality of accounting information on digital assets. The proposed model is theoretical in nature and provides a basis for future empirical studies that may statistically test its relationships.
Consumer Acceptability of Local and Imported Broiler Chicken and Evaluation of Some of Its Chemical Characteristics in the Markets of Al-Bayda City
This study aimed to evaluate consumer acceptance and preferences for chicken meat available in the markets of Al-Bayda City, Libya. A structured questionnaire was randomly distributed to 150 consumers from different segments of society and included 24 detailed questions. In parallel with the field survey, chemical analyses were conducted on 24 samples of locally produced and imported chicken meat. Samples of chicken breasts and thighs were collected, minced, and stored under appropriate refrigerated conditions until analysis. The samples were analyzed for moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents according to the methods followed at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal Production, Omar Al-Mukhtar University. The questionnaire results showed that chicken meat is widely accepted among consumers, with availability and taste being among the most important factors influencing preference, while unacceptable taste was the main reason for lack of preference among a limited proportion of consumers. The results also indicated that consumers preferred purchasing slaughtered and ready-to-use chicken from specialized shops due to factors related to assurance and hygiene, in addition to an increased level of food safety awareness, as reflected by consumers’ attention to expiration dates and food labels. A clear preference for fresh chicken meat, particularly locally produced chicken, was also observed, mainly due to taste and hygiene, whereas preference for imported chicken was associated with price and availability. The field survey indicated that quality and origin were the most influential factors in consumer choice, ahead of price, with notable concerns regarding food safety and diseases. The chemical analysis showed that locally produced chicken breasts had the highest nutritional value in terms of protein content, reaching 30.32% and 29.90%, respectively. In contrast, the lowest protein contents were recorded in imported chicken thighs, with averages of 21.84% and 22.90%, respectively. The highest fat content was recorded in frozen imported chicken thighs (3.03%), while the highest ash content was observed in packaged locally produced chicken thighs (3.54%). The highest moisture content was recorded in frozen imported chicken thighs (72.70%). Overall, the results demonstrated significant differences in the chemical composition of chicken meat according to source and preparation method. The study recommends conducting multivariate analyses to determine the optimal type of chicken meat according to its intended nutritional, industrial, or marketing purpose.
Comparative Analysis of Serum Sodium and Potassium Levels in Chronic Renal Failure Patients and Healthy Controls
Chronic renal failure (CRF), characterized by a progressive, irreversible decline in kidney function over months or years, represents a significant global health burden due to its associated morbidity and mortality. This condition profoundly disrupts the body's homeostatic regulation of electrolytes, which are vital for neuromuscular function, fluid balance, and cardiovascular stability. This study aimed to quantify and compare serum sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) levels between patients diagnosed with CRF and a cohort of healthy individuals. The study population comprised 13 CRF patients and 36 healthy controls. Venous blood samples were analyzed for electrolyte concentrations, and statistical evaluations were performed. The results demonstrated a statistically significant divergence (p < 0.01) in electrolyte profiles between the groups. Specifically, CRF patients exhibited marked hyponatremia, with a mean serum Na⁺ level of 133.83 ± 3.23 mg/dL, and hyperkalemia, with a mean serum K⁺ level of 5.06 ± 0.96 mg/dL. In contrast, healthy controls-maintained levels within normal physiological ranges (Na⁺: 139.64 ± 6.70 mg/dL; K⁺: 4.21 ± 0.25 mg/dL). These imbalances are primarily attributed to the pathophysiological sequelae of CRF, including impaired glomerular filtration, dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and diminished tubular reabsorptive capacity. The findings underscore the critical importance of routine electrolyte monitoring in CRF management and suggest that these parameters hold prognostic value for assessing disease progression and guiding therapeutic intervention, including potential replacement therapies.
Rising Prices and Their Impact on the Poverty Line in Libya: An Analytical Study for the Period 2024-2026
This research examines the phenomenon of rising prices and its repercussions on the poverty line in Libya during the period 2024-2026. This period witnessed fundamental transformations in the Libyan economy, characterized by declining oil revenues, a devaluation of the Libyan dinar due to the currency devaluation policies implemented by the Central Bank of Libya in April 2025 and January 2026, the continuous rise in prices of imported food commodities, and the direct impact of political instability on economic performance and living standards. The research focuses on analyzing the gap between the officially reported inflation rate, which reached approximately 2.1% in 2024, and the actual reality of the cost-of-living pressures faced by Libyan families. This analysis relies on data and reports issued by the World Food Programme, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The research also aims to measure the impact of rising prices on the purchasing power of individuals and families and to identify its repercussions on the social groups most vulnerable to economic changes.The study concluded that the actual rise in the cost of living far exceeded that reflected in official inflation rates. The cost of a basic household's spending basket in Libya increased by 27.7% in one year, reaching approximately 1,128 dinars per month in February 2026. This suggests a potential widening of the actual poverty gap and a decline in purchasing power, despite the relatively low official inflation rate. The research offers a set of recommendations and proposed policies aimed at improving the accuracy of inflation measurement, supporting vulnerable groups, and achieving greater economic and social stability
Monetary Policy Beyond Its Traditional Role: (A Theoretical Analysis of the Shift in Objectives and Tools)
This study seeks to examine the fundamental transformations that monetary policy has undergone in recent decades, reviewing its shift from the traditional system, which relied on basic tools such as the reserve requirement ratio, the discount rate, and open market operations, to a more comprehensive and expansive framework known as unconventional monetary policy. The study is based on the premise that successive financial crises, particularly the 2008 global financial crisis, demonstrated the limited effectiveness of traditional monetary tools in addressing deep economic recessions, credit contractions, and financial market turmoil. This prompted major central banks to adopt a range of new tools and policies, most notably quantitative and qualitative easing and zero interest rate policies, in parallel with a reassessment of monetary policy objectives. The goal of monetary policy is to extend beyond price stability to include supporting financial stability and enhancing the economic system's resilience to shocks. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, examining and analyzing relevant specialized economic literature to understand the nature, causes, and implications of this transformation. The findings reveal that the evolution of monetary policy does not represent a complete break from its traditional framework, but rather an extension and development of its tools and mechanisms. In line with the exceptional economic circumstances, and with an emphasis on the importance of effective institutional and regulatory frameworks to ensure the success of these policies and limit their potential impact on long-term financial stability.
Islamic Microfinance as a Source of Funding for Startups in Libya (Case Study: Namaa Finance)
This study aims to explore the role of Islamic microfinance in supporting emerging projects and driving economic and social development, combining a theoretical framework with field research in the Libyan context. The research addresses the concept of Islamic microfinance, its origins, objectives, and diverse structures, focusing on its role in promoting financial inclusion and supporting low-income groups. The study also examines the nature of emerging projects and their importance in the economic engine and job creation. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, along with a case study of Namaa Finance, a subsidiary of Al Saray Bank for Trade and Investment. Field data was collected through a semi-structured interview with the branch manager of the institution in Misrata. The results show that Islamic microfinance effectively contributes to empowering entrepreneurs and expanding their projects by providing Sharia-compliant financing coupled with integrated non-financial services such as training, mentorship, and feasibility studies, thus enhancing the sustainability of these projects. The results also indicate that the institution's reliance on the Murabaha structure has contributed to financing various activities in the commercial, service, agricultural, and industrial sectors, helping to reduce unemployment and improve income levels. Conversely, the study revealed challenges facing the sector, most notably a lack of in-depth understanding of Islamic finance, regulatory complexities, and economic and security fluctuations. The study concludes that microfinance is a promising development tool and recommends expanding the range of financial institutions, diversifying the financing methods used, and developing the legislative environment to support entrepreneurship in Libya.
The Role of Electronic Compliance in Reducing Money Laundering Operations in Libyan Commercial Banks "A Field Study on Public Commercial Banks in the Eastern Region"
This study aimed to identify the role of electronic compliance in terms of customer risk assessment, behavioral detection technology, and workflow processes in reducing money laundering activities in Libyan commercial banks. The study reached a set of findings: There is a significant role for customer risk assessment systems, behavioral detection technology systems, and workflow and reporting systems in reducing money laundering operations in Libyan commercial banks. The study recommended enhancing the implementation of electronic compliance systems by developing the customer risk assessment system and updating customer data periodically to ensure accurate and effective classification according to potential risk levels, given its proven effectiveness in reducing money laundering activities. It also recommended investing in financial behavior detection technology and adopting artificial intelligence techniques to analyze unusual patterns and detect suspicious transactions early. Additionally, the study called for improving workflow and reporting systems within banks to ensure efficient information exchange and accurate reports submitted to the relevant authorities, as well as organizing periodic training programs for compliance and internal audit staff to enhance their capabilities in using anti–money laundering systems and related modern technologies.
The Role of Big Data in Crisis Management and its Impact on Response Speed and Resource Allocation
This research explores the role of Big Data and advanced analytics in accelerating crisis response and improving the efficiency of resource allocation within environments characterized by uncertainty. It establishes a conceptual framework highlighting the transition from traditional models to management driven by predictive capabilities and real-time analysis. The study adopts an integrated methodology (descriptive and comparative) alongside a critical review of international literature and reports to analyze the impact of machine learning and deep learning in supporting early warning systems and enhancing institutional coordination. The findings conclude that the systematic deployment of these technologies contributes to reducing response time and increasing the precision of resource distribution, provided that an integrated technical infrastructure and clear regulatory frameworks are in place. Furthermore, the research identifies pivotal legal and ethical challenges, most notably privacy protection and accountability for algorithmic decision-making. This necessitates the
Rapid Urbanization and Its Environmental and Social Impacts in the Green Mountain Region, Libya: A Descriptive Urban-Geographical Study
This study aimed to examine the phenomenon of rapid urbanization and its environmental and social impacts in the Green Mountain (Jabal al-Akhdar) region of Libya from an urban geography perspective. It sought to review the current state of urbanization in the region, analyze its key repercussions on the environment and society, and highlight the role of urban planning in mitigating negative effects and achieving sustainable urban development. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach alongside a documentary research method—reviewing books, peer-reviewed scientific studies, academic theses, and relevant reports—to provide a comprehensive scientific overview of rapid urbanization in the region. The study revealed that rapid urbanization in the Green Mountain region stemmed from the interplay of several factors—most notably population growth, internal migration, and the concentration of economic and service activities in major cities—leading to expanding urban footprints and shifts in land use. The study also showed that this urbanization impacted the environment through the loss of agricultural land and vegetation cover, increased pressure on natural resources, and rising levels of waste and pollution; meanwhile, its primary social consequences included heightened strain on public services, increased demand for housing and infrastructure, and changing lifestyles within urban centers. The study affirmed that sustainable urban planning is a fundamental tool for managing urban growth, protecting natural resources, improving service efficiency, and mitigating the negative impacts associated with urbanization. It recommended updating urban plans, enforcing land-use regulations, and strengthening urban management to achieve balanced and sustainable urban development in the Green Mountain region.
Towards a Future Metropolitan Planning Framework for Sabha and its Surrounding Settlements in Southern Libya
Rapid urbanization, fragmented spatial development, and mounting environmental pressures have created significant planning challenges for Sabha, the largest urban center in southern Libya. Despite its strategic geographical location as a gateway connecting Libya with the Sahel and Sub-Saharan Africa, Sabha continues to experience uncontrolled urban expansion, fragmented infrastructure development, institutional limitations, and the progressive loss of productive agricultural land. These challenges highlight the urgent need for a metropolitan planning approach capable of coordinating future urban growth beyond existing municipal boundaries. This study develops a Future Metropolitan Planning Framework for Sabha City and its surrounding settlements based on integrated spatial analysis and contemporary principles of sustainable metropolitan development. The research adopts an exploratory mixed-methods approach that combines a comprehensive review of planning literature, demographic analysis, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based spatial assessment, field observations, and the evaluation of historical urban growth patterns. The metropolitan study area comprises Sabha together with the surrounding settlements of Samno, Ghadwa, Al-Zieghan, and Tamanhint, which collectively function as an emerging metropolitan system characterized by increasing socio-economic and spatial integration. The spatial analysis demonstrates that the existing pattern of dispersed urban expansion has become economically inefficient, environmentally unsustainable, and increasingly difficult to manage within current institutional arrangements. The findings further reveal the emergence of a functional metropolitan structure requiring integrated governance, coordinated infrastructure investment, protection of agricultural land and groundwater resources, and a transition toward a compact polycentric urban development model. Based on these findings, the study proposes a strategic Future Metropolitan Planning Framework founded on six complementary planning pillars: 1. Polycentric metropolitan spatial development. 2. Metropolitan urban growth management. 3. Integrated transportation and infrastructure systems. 4. Sustainable environmental and natural resource management 5. Economic diversification and regional competitiveness. 6. Metropolitan governance supported by GIS-based decision-making. The proposed framework provides a scientific and practical foundation for preparing a future Metropolitan Master Plan for Sabha while offering a transferable planning model applicable to rapidly growing cities in arid regions, particularly in southern Libya. The study contributes to advancing metropolitan planning practice by integrating spatial analysis, strategic urban planning, and sustainable regional development within a unified planning framework.
The extent of application of job classifications in Libyan institutions: challenges and opportunities: A study on the military manufacturing sector
This study aimed to examine the current state of staffing structure implementation (job establishment plans) in Libyan institutions, specifically the Military Manufacturing Authority in the Tripoli region, and to explore the challenges that may hinder the system’s efficiency, as well as to identify the available opportunities for improving its outcomes. The study employed an interview-based method for data collection, comprising 40 questions divided into three sections. The study sample consisted of 31 employees. The findings revealed the presence of a motivating work environment that supports the staffing structure implementation to a good extent, alongside certain challenges, namely political instability, outdated technical infrastructure, and limited funding. The study recommended the necessity of providing modern electronic devices, enhancing training and development, applying transparency standards in recruitment processes, addressing financial challenges, and building strategic partnerships between public and private institutions to improve institutional performance.
Calprene-Modified Asphalt Mixtures: A Comprehensive Investigation of Performance Enhancement
The deterioration of flexible pavements under increasing traffic loads and extreme thermal conditions demands advanced binder modification strategies. This study presents a comprehensive experimental investigation of Calprene-modified asphalt mixtures, where Calprene a radial styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer manufactured by Dynasol Elastomers was incorporated into a base Pen 60/70 bitumen at dosages of 3%, 4.5%, and 6% by weight of binder. A Superpave 12.5-mm nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) gradation was employed for all hot-mix asphalt (HMA) formulations. Binder characterisation encompassed penetration, softening point, ductility, rotational viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), and multiple stress creep-recovery (MSCR) tests. Mixture-level performance was evaluated through Marshall stability and flow, dynamic modulus (|E*|) testing, Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD), four-point beam fatigue, semi-circular bending (SCB) fracture energy, and indirect tensile strength ratio (TSR). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey–Kramer comparison and Pearson correlation analysis were applied for statistical discrimination. Results demonstrate that 4.5% Calprene content constitutes the optimal dosage: performance grade advanced from PG 64-22 to PG 76-22, Marshall stability increased by 39.7%, rut depth under HWTD decreased by 58.9%, fatigue life at 800 µε extended by 163%, and SCB fracture energy improved by 81.6% compared to the control mixture. These findings confirm that Calprene is a technically superior modifier for asphalt binders in hot-climate, high-traffic pavement applications and provide calibrated benchmarks for practitioners.
Evaluation of Professional Opinions on the Clinical Effectiveness of Computed Tomography (CT) in Oncology Versus Contemporary Imaging Techniques: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Sirte, Libya
Background: Computed Tomography (CT) remains a cornerstone in cancer imaging due to its high level of detail, rapid image acquisition, and broad accessibility. However, the rapid progress in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET-CT) has significantly altered the field of cancer detection. This evolution underscores the necessity of continuously evaluating the current role of CT in clinical practice. Objective: Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CT scans in detecting tumors, determining their size, and staging metastases, compared to modern imaging techniques, from the perspective of expert healthcare professionals.
The Relative Contribution of Tolerance and Forgiveness to Predicting Inner Peace and Mental Health Among Faculty Members
This research paper aims to highlight the role of tolerance and forgiveness in achieving inner peace and enhancing the mental health of faculty members, given the professional, academic, and social pressures they face, which may affect their psychological stability and relationships within the university environment. The paper addresses the concepts of tolerance and forgiveness as positive human and psychological values that help individuals overcome offenses, alleviate feelings of anger and the desire for revenge, and free themselves from rumination and negative emotions. It also explores the concept of inner peace and its manifestations, such as tranquility, emotional balance, self-acceptance, and the ability to deal calmly with stressful situations, while clarifying its impact on mental health. The research paper adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing relevant psychological and educational literature and analyzing the relationship between tolerance and forgiveness on the one hand, and inner peace and mental health on the other. The paper demonstrates that practicing tolerance and forgiveness contributes to reducing stress, anxiety, and anger, improving emotional regulation, enhancing self-satisfaction, and building more positive professional relationships. The research also emphasizes that tolerance does not mean justifying wrongdoing or relinquishing rights, but rather a conscious psychological response that helps individuals overcome the negative emotional effects of painful situations. The research concludes by stressing the importance of fostering a culture of tolerance and dialogue within universities and providing awareness and guidance programs that help faculty members manage conflicts and professional pressures in a balanced manner. The research also recommends strengthening psychological and social support and adopting fair and effective conflict resolution mechanisms to contribute to building a more stable and collaborative university environment and achieving greater inner peace and psychological well-being for faculty members.
Effect of Salt Stress on Germination Characteristics and Osmolyte Accwnulation of Four Wheat Cultivars
This study was conducted in the laboratory of the Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Gharyan University, during the 2024/2025 growing season to determine the effect of different salinity levels on the germination rate (%) and germination strength index, as well as the proline and sugar content in the leaves of some wheat varieties. A range of sodium chloride concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mmol) were used. Seeds of soft wheat varieties (Sidi El Masri and Marshoush) and durum wheat varieties (Erazol and Abu El Shouk). A completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and five replicates for each variety was employed. The results showed significant differences in the percentage of germination and germination strength index for all concentrations used and for all varieties. Significant differences were also observed in the leaf proline and sugar content for all varieties
Study on the Impact of Corrosion in Metallic Pipes on Drinking Water Quality
The internal corrosion of metallic pipes in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) represents one of the most pressing challenges to public health and water infrastructure sustainability worldwide. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the mechanisms, influencing factors, and water quality implications of pipe corrosion in metallic drinking water pipelines. The electrochemical and microbiologically influenced corrosion processes are examined, alongside the critical water quality parameters including pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, chloride, and sulfate concentrations that govern corrosion kinetics and corrosion scale formation. The impact of corrosion on drinking water quality is systematically analyzed through physicochemical degradation pathways, including heavy metal leaching (lead, copper, iron, nickel), discoloration phenomena, turbidity elevation, and microbial proliferation within corrosion scales and biofilms. Health risk assessments reveal significant non‑carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with prolonged exposure to corrosion‑derived contaminants, particularly for vulnerable populations. Contemporary corrosion monitoring technologies, including ultrasound‑based assessment coupled with convolutional neural networks, and corrosion control strategies encompassing pH/alkalinity adjustment, phosphate‑based corrosion inhibitors, and protective lining systems—are critically evaluated. Emerging research directions, including machine learning applications for corrosion prediction and material‑specific microbiologically influenced corrosion mechanisms, are discussed. This review provides guidance for water utilities and researchers in developing effective corrosion management strategies to ensure drinking water safety and infrastructure resilience.